Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay

The enormousness of the line of grounding educators is increasing as the employment world becomes to a greater extent than complex. through with(predicate) this political plat row, the scholarly persons atomic number 18 educated to become acquiremented individuals who can contri juste meaningfully to the over on the whole effectiveness in an office setting, t distributivelying and teaching in cultivates. harmonise to Hornby (2006) he says, Curriculum is a field that is included in a course of field of operations or taught in a schooltime, college, etc.On the new(prenominal) hand, Uwaifo (2006) recite that a close look at the current Vocational and Technical teaching curriculum chiefly reveals approximately problems that border on in seemly course subject matter. Uhumuavbi and Ebhomhen (2006) in their own empty statement, they said that irrespective of the level of culture and training given during the pre-colonial old age in Africa, it was functional beca han dling the curriculum was relevant to the involves of the society. Unemployment if it existed, at all was minimal and very few young men roamed the villages and towns with nothing to do.According to Snyder (2008), a flexible curriculum is important because there is no star curricular path to c beer accomplishr. We ar giving students more flexibility this is not a radical departure from our curriculum. While Robert and Booth (2008) stated that the curriculum changes allow students to increase the intensity of their studies. According to Hasan (2001) the current locating of the Ind angiotensin-converting enzymesians fosteringal counterpartion is somehow affected by current donnish performance, curriculum, and step of instructors and level of take aim.The policy directions for curriculum organic evolution were very arrogant and there was a lot of challenge for the Ministry of subject field tuition to apply in the implementation of policies formulated, design a curric ulum that includes technological system and study system to uplift the academicperformance in all level of education. Updating of the physical facilities is needed to improve teaching and learning process. Wagan (2001) stressed that continuous evaluation of the school curriculum should not be overlooked. Time and development in the traffic call for change and modification.The suggestions of graduates peradventure a rich source of information for authorities, curriculum makers and in-service training syllabus coordinates for materials that need emphasis and innovations. The National Association for production line instructor tuition (NABTE) is the institutional division of NBEA. The primary purpose of the organization is to promote business instructor education by providing field of study leadership and services to its member institutions and business instructor educators.Membership is open only to such colleges and universities that spell business teacher education curr iculums approved by their respective rural area Departments of Education for the certification of business teachers. NABTE highlighted the importance of professional development in its exoterication, subscriber line Teacher Education Curriculum Guide & program Standards (2011). It emphasizes that business teacher educators should be involved in continual professional development activities and highlighted the importance of the course itself for future annex.The education paradigm emphasized during the proterozoic part of the 21st Century clearly called for an emphasis on basic skills (No Child Left fag end, 2001). The term basic skill is astray know as skill in teaching, writing, or math. In fact, the United States national assessment of educational movement assesses students in two basic skill areas mathematics and reading. The term reading refers to the ability of a subject to phonemically predict and comprehend written or symbolic material. A licensed teacher is even highly regarded, according to the No Child Left Behind Act 2001, highly qualified means that teachers lead passed the teacher licensing examination. (Tileston, 2004, p. 8). unknown StudiesEarlier research studies into the professional development needs of business teacher educators felt they needed more conceptualization in the development of hot teaching methods it seemed to echo the same perception of practicing business teachers (Polkinghorne, 2006). As a result, Boatright (2005) reported that all teachers must receive adequate preparation to forge withan integ appraised curriculum.Most teacher education programs use students swan point average (GPA) as a criterion for access code (Mikotovics & Crehan, 2002). or so programs combine GPA with valuations of a written profile, which selects applicants to describe relevant experiences and why they are worryed in teaching or with letters of reference (Caskey, Peterson, & Temple, 2001) or with judges of applicants performan ce in an interrogate (Denner, Salzman, & Newsome, 2001). In the United States, govern essay results are commonly used. Results from specific pre-requisite education courses likewise whitethorn be utilized.Finally, for applicants intending to become high school teachers, or so consecutive programs require university-level coursework in the subject areas to be taught. Grade Point Average. GPA is the closely widely used criterion for price of admission to teacher education programs (Lawrence & Crehan, 2001 Mikitovics & Crehan, 2002). It is frequently believed to measure academic ability and so is thought to predict success in the nurtureal parts of the programs. However, a more important reason for its popularity as a criterion is likely its ready availability from students transcripts and its use by other advanced floor programs. Written Profile.The second just about widely used criterion for introduction into teacher education programs is an applicant profile, typically c onsisting of written responses to specific questions about relevant experiences and interest in teaching. Such a profile includes much of the same information that could be elicited in an individual interview.The responses may be reviewed by the teacher education program for evidence of appropriate preparation and genuine interest and for evidence of unsuitability for teaching (Caskey, Peterson & Temple, 2001). In Ontario, all simply one teacher education program uses some form of profile or essay response for screening applicants (Teacher Education Application Services, TEAS, 2004). interview. The interview provides a unique opportunity for the teacher education program to gather information about an applicants language proficiency, attitudes, and interpersonal skills, in accompaniment to information similar to that which could be gleaned from a written profile (Denner et. al., 2001). Interview judges draw in addition been put to be of limited value for predicting student te aching performance (Byrnes et. al., 2000 Caskey et. al., 2001 Denner et. al., 2001).However, they engraft that places of applicants performance in a convention interview predicted student teaching performance and that this type of interview was a better predictor than academic criteria. more(prenominal) recently, Byrnes, Kiger, and Shechtman (2000) studied 65 pre-service teachers, study their university supervisors and supervising teachers ratings of their student teaching performance with their ratings from a group interview intended to assess applicants verbal, interpersonal, and leadership skills.The group interview ratings added significantly to the omen of the university supervisors ratings of the pre-service teachers student teaching performance, after controlling for the contri just nowions of GPA and ACT test scores, except not to the prediction of the supervising teachers ratings. Standardized Tests. Many teacher education programs in the U.S. use results from standar dized tests in their pickaxe processes. For example, 28 states and the District of Columbia require applicants to pass the Praxis I Pre master key Skills Assessments (Educational Testing Service, 2006), which tests basic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics experience. in that respect does not calculate to be a consistent protocol for the use of or selection of standardized tests in the United States, and none are used in Canada as the mandate for Education falls under the jurisdiction of bucolic governments. Courses in Subject Area. Applicants for consecutive programs who wish to train to be wide-eyed school teachers are often assumed to have adequate subject matter companionship if they have a Bachelors detail (although some programs will require them to also pass tests of reading, writing, and mathematics).Applicants for preparation as high school teachers, however, typically must provide proof of adequate knowledge of the subject areas they intend to teach. Often, this requirement is met by providing a university transcript showing completion of the required numbers of courses in the specialization areas. More recently, Stotsky (2006) has suggested that the subject area of the course should be considered and that university academic departments should be held responsible for the content knowledge of elementary and high school teachers in their disciplines. Overall winner in a Teacher Education plan.A few studies have examined the ability of admission criteria to predict overall success in a teacher education program. Caskey, Peterson, and Temple (2001), for example, analyzed the admission data for 82 applicants who were subsequently admitted to a one- course of study consecutive teacher education program. They foundthat ratings of reference letters and a writing test score were most highly correlated with overall program performance.The correlation has the GPA of 11 with personal statements, 16 with the performance of problem-solving by gr oup, and with a holistic rating of completion application with .03 GPA. Together, the six admission criteria accounted for 38% of the variance in program performance. Hamel and Merz (2005) indicated the potential positive impact on student achievement emphasized through legislation seemed reasonable enough (p. 158). In fact, they indicated that teacher education institutions should work with federal policy makers to find the best expressive style to improve student achievement.A myriad of social science researchers indicated subject-matter knowledge is an important component of effective teaching (Draper, 2008 Kehe, 2003 Stone et. al., 2008). A teachers ability to contextualize abstract content-knowledge to authentic learning opportunities is essential to the students ability to retain and apply knowledge to unique situations.Contextualizing subject-matter knowledge in social context is supported in both content area reading and cognitive research. Early content area reading resear ch focused on students ability to pronounce written materials. To achieve this, according to the National Policy on Education (2004), computer education was integrated into the primary school curriculum, a welcome development but sad to note that subjects like shorthand, typewriting, commerce, and book-keeping are integrated together to form business studies thereby losing their original identity.Local LiteratureIn the growing demands of todays modern world one should be awake of the striking challenges and complexities of life today. Being aware of these things can do a big contribution in terms of the development of the society as well as the citizen of the society. The test of the greatness of a nation lies on the quality of education of its people. Thus, education plays a vital role in developing and producing locally and globally competitive citizens.On the other hand, if occupancy Teacher Education program are aiming for quality education and prosperous teachers, they shou ld consider the effectiveness of the courses and programs being offered as well as the competencies of the teachers in transferring the knowledge and skills to thefuture educators of the country. While various schools and other institutions offering business teacher education are having difficulties on improving the performance rating of the graduates in the licensure examination for teachers, it is very interesting to know the admission policies of the schools and the quality of the business teacher education program in producing competitive educators of the country.On the article of Vea Reynaldo (2009) discussing about the World education news and reviews, she made course credit about the Philippine educational system. She said that entrance to universities and other institutions of high education is dependent on the possession of a high school Certificate of Graduation and in some cases on the results of the National occupational group Assessment Examination (NCAE), or in many colleges and universities the results of their own entrance examinations.The NCAE is administered to fourth-year high school students to evaluate the quality of the individual institutions they are attending, it was not knowing or intended as an admission test, but has nonetheless served that purpose for some institutions and helps students to choose their career paths. cliquishly administered examen programs through the Center for Educational Measurement (CEP) are also widely used by colleges for admissions purposes. The two most common ones are the College scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT) and the Admission Test for Colleges and Universities (ATCU).The Philippine Education system Test (PEPT) is a national examination designed to evaluate the grad level of students returning to the school system or seeking admission to college based on knowledge and skills gained through formal and non-formal methods. Paredes (2000) states that the assess of universities, colleges, and other educational institutions engaged in teacher education is to produce teachers whose preparation allow them to possess not only a high degree of technical skills and a thorough education underlying the practice of teaching, but also to become persons qualified to assume the responsibilities of educational leadership in the communities in which they will work.Enriquez, (2000) gives importance on accepting students engaged in Teacher Education Program who would unselfishly devote their lives to the noble task of teaching, which the researchers think will do a great help in producing competent teachers that will help students tobecome a productive citizen of the country.The admission policy at polytechnic University of the Philippines on the year on school year 2011-2012 is on a FIRST-COME-FIRST-SERVED basis subject to the availability of slots. In addition to the general criteria set by the University, admission to an academic program depends on the satisfaction of the specific criteria such as PUPCET Score, High naturalise full general Weighted Average and High School final rating requirement in selected HS subjects.)In the College of Education, the specific criteria in admitting aspiring students should have a minimum PUPCET score of 99, on the high school general weighted average their minimum requirement is 82% and the final rating in the English subject should be 82%. The students should pass also in the final interview to be admitted at the College of Education. According to Basaen, et. al. (2005), he wrote about the results of licensure examinations have become measures of the quality of instruction, faculty, and students.Accrediting agencies as well as C.H.E.D. have used government come along examination results as gauge in granting schools the university status, center of development, and center of excellence. Moreover, on the results of the licensure examination for teachers at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines from the year 2008-2013 the researchers had gathered. It had been showed from year 2008 that overall results were 63%, wherein 91 out of revenue passed the examination. While on the year 2009, the overall results were 56% wherein 267 out of 479 had passed.On the year 2010 there are 141 who passed out of 359 examinees equivalent to 39.25%. While on the year 2011, the overall results were 40.86 wherein 143 had passed out of 350. On the other hand, on year 2012 the overall results was 72.69% where in 330 out of 454 had passed the examination. Lastly, on the current year 2013, the results fall from 72.69% to 60.33% wherein 146 had passed out of 242. Thus, there is varying results on the performance rating of the students at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines. It only goes to show that there is still a need of an improvement.Local StudiesLicensure examination is a scholastic aptitude test designed to measure some intellectual abilities and skills and that will serve as a requirement for eligibility in the teaching profession. It is the last hurdle that acampaigner must face to acquire a license to work. A board has the ultimate responsibility to ensure that the examination meets the technical, professional, and legal standards, and protects the health, safety, and welfare of the public by assessing candidates abilities to practice competently in their chosen field. According to Ornstein and Levine (2006, p. 28) licensure and interrogatory for teachers is one of the steps that improves public confidence in the teacher workplace.Panawidan (2000) found in her study of The Status of the Teacher Education Program of higher(prenominal) Education Institutions in Region XII that the enrolment in Teacher Education was relatively high compared to other disciplines. She said that teacher education programs are found to be oversubscribed including courses in Business Education, Humanities, societal acquaintances and Communication. There seemed to be resurgence in the demand for teachers h ere and abroad.She also said that teacher education program was well implemented by majority of the teacher education institutions because of compliance to CHED requirements. In addition, results showed that there were more LET passers in the elementary level than in the secondary level.There are several factors which could influence the performance of higher education institutions that are offering teacher education program. According to Tan C (2006) in her study of the Factors influencing the performance of teacher education program in selected state universities and colleges in Region IV-A, some faculty-related factors and dean-related factors influenced the performance of teacher education programs in terms of passing rate in the LET and employment rate of graduates.Supervision of the deans indicated by the deans activities towards the improvement of classroom instruction and deans supervisory practices for the development of better school and conjunction relationship had signi ficant and positive effect on the passing rate. The more often the deans did such activities, the higher was the passing rate in the LET. other factor was the school climate since a good school climate results to higher passing rate in the LET, although this condition had a banish influence on the employment rate.The deans longer old age of teaching resulted to trim back passing rate in the LET but the deans education attainment positively influenced the employment of the graduates. Layba (2003) conducted his study on Evaluationof the Quality Teacher Education Program in Higher Education Institutions in the Province of Laguna which consisted of 13 genital organ and public tertiary schools for school year 2002-2003. In his study, the researcher involves the administrators and teachers of selected tertiary schools as respondents.The results revealed several strengths and weaknesses of the education program among school respondents. According to limousine (2010) on his study ab out the Need-based Reviewer in Technology and keep Education for the licensure examination for teachers, it is concluded that the reviewer in T.L.E. is a utile materials in preparing education graduates whose major are technology and livelihood education to take the LET. LET-T.L.E reviewer prepares graduates in the LET in the different components they are not trained in.It has a content update in each component or practice test items that guide the target substance abuser on how to identify the correct answer. Moreover, the reviewer was found highly reasonable as to objectives, contents, instructional materials and practice test items hence they are anticipate to be able to assist the TLE graduates to pass the LET.Valenton and Dela Cruz (2007) found on their study about The Performance in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of Bachelor of subaltern Education Major in Technology and Home Economics Graduates at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, the batch passing rates of LET takers from 2003-2006 were all lower than 30%. Also, the LET takers had a satisfactory performance only in the Field of Specialization and did not perform well in the General Education and Professional Subjects. It might be implied that the BSE Graduates major in T.H.E. did not perform well the LET given in geezerhood 2004 to 2006.BIBLIOGRAPHYFOREIGN LITERATUREBooksDelta State University (2006). Business Education Unit schoolman Programme for B.S. Degree in Business Education. Abraka, Delsu.ThesisF.O. Ohiwerei and N. Azih (2010). Comparative Programmes of Business Education In Nigerian Universities (A Case Study of Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma and Delta State University, Abraka).Polkinghorne, Frederick William (2009). recitation Skill Integration in High School Business Courses Perceptions of Business Teacher Educators in the United StatesJournalCasey, Catherine E. et. al. (2007). Teacher Education Program Admission Criteria and What Beginning Teachers Nee d to know to be Successful Teachers.WebliographyNational Association for Business Teacher Education 2011, http//www.nabte.org/ http//www.nbea.org/newsite/curriculum/standards/Red River College and the University of Winnipeg, http//me.rrc.mb.ca/ chronicle/ProgramInfo.aspx?RegionCode=WPG&ProgCode=BUSHF-DPProquest, LLC, http//udini.proquest.com/view/reading-skill-integration-in-high-pqid1879088921/LOCAL LITERATUREThesesParedesEnriquezCaseldo, Dante L. (2008). Academic predictors of the licensure examination for teachers performance of the University of the Cordilleras BSED-MATH Graduates.Webliogragphy ding Clark, http//www.wes.org/ewenr/09jan/practical.htmLOCAL STUDIESThesisLimo, Mark Raguindin (2010). Need-Based Reviewer in Technology and accompaniment Education for the Licensure Exam for Teachers.Valenton et. al. (2007). Performance in the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Technology and Home Economics Graduates at Nueva Ecija Unive rsity of Science and TechnologyUmali, Severino E. (2009). An Evaluation of Technology and Livelihood Education Program among Selected Secondary Schools in the National Capital Region (NCR)Pajarillo, Marcela Bartolome (2012). Evaluation of Private Higher Education Institutions in Bicol Region Based on Baldrige Education Criteria for Performance Excellence Basis for Planning Institutional ImprovementWebliogragphyHanz, http//www.dearhq.org/licensure_examination.htm/August2008