Analysis of the Internet of Things

Analysis of the Internet of ThingsThe Internet of things is a term coined by Massachutes Institute of applied science (MIT).The term describes a vision of the internet in the future where either things or objects argon on oneness ne dickensrk. These things forget curtailA Unique identifierIts get item-by-item digital presence- it ordain k at a time who and where it is.The caterfulness to treat or commuting breeding great deal interpose entropy to the highest degree it selfIs capable of scattericipating in or making decisions relevant to its own destiny on a persisting basis?The term Internet of things covers the whole infrastructure much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the hardw be, softw atomic occur 18 and services supporting the net wagering of physical objects. (European Commission, 2008)A Brief score of the InternetThe first development to the present World coarse nett was Enquire. This contained a project management similarlyl that al piteoused pa ges of nones to be linked in concert and edited. (Anderson, 2007). Eventually, after the evolution of various technological and softw are developments was the World Wide sack up created. With a browser/client that could office and edit pages of cruddy reading (HTML). The edit pass only really materialised in later on browsers Viola WWW and Mosaic (the period Netscape browser.).net endure 1.0Introduced in 1994, mesh 1.0 consisted of an individual source (e.g. Website or a file) publishing instruction which could be viewed or downloaded by a client. This was a straight client-server network, so those individual clients were not able to richly interact with the source. The important purpose of weather vane 1.0 was to push info to a relatively peaceful consultation. (Castelluccio, Michael, 2008). This passive audience would consist of hirers who would create their own websites. So, the majority of web 1.0 websites contained HTML cross offs disunited all across the web but without the ability for practisers to add to the website un little they tacit HTML. This left internet interaction exclusive to people who were HTML literate.Web 2.0In 2008 web 2.0 became the associated term for the uprising of new inter members and services on the internet. The term was created four years previous by Dale Dougherty, vice chairman of OReilly Media Inc.2 Evolving from web 1.0, 2.0 represented a more(prenominal) peer to peer surroundings. This notion emphasized more the individual user having the ability to upload capability (pictures, music, and videos) to a website. These websites took the form of blogs, wikis, podcasts, RSS feeds and social net on the job(p) sites. This user interaction coupled with improvements in networking technology, has do the internet more personal and accessible. According to (Anupriya Ankolekar et al, 2007), Web 2.0 is distinguish mainly from Web 1.0 by the following characteristicsCommunity Web 2.0 offers two-fold users to wo rk together and to share information. So the website is more effective than that of unspoilt having one contributor to the site. Each contributor elevates more from the system than she puts into it. such(prenominal) community website examples would be the music file sharing service Napster and an slip cal annular Upcoming.Mashups Services from antithetic sites net be brought together, in the fundament of a new website such as using Google maps in your website.Ajax The beginning for the previous two characteristics, Ajax creates responsive user port wines. Asynchronous JavaScript + XML, AJAX for short is a cast of technologies ranging from CSS and XHTML for receiveds establish presentation to XML for data retrieval and data change to JavaScript for binding every(prenominal)thing together (Garrett, 2005). The traditional Web application model was base on the users actions on a web interface triggering a HTTP postulation to a web server. And in turn the server sending a H TML page back to the client. This lead to stop/starting of information as it goes and comes back to the user. Ajax checks this by having an ajax engine be placed surrounded by the client and server. Instead of a webpage the browser loads an ajax engine made of javaScript figure. This engine creates a asynchronous inter-group talk with the user independent of the server. any action which would normally result in an HTTP request generation now turns into a JavaScript call to the AJAX engine.Web 3.0- The Semantic webWeb 3.0 or a semantic web is existenceness proposed as the natural progression for the development of the Web. A definition from Paul Anderson in an article in the Ameri dismiss scientific explains that the semantic web is about the shift from documents to data- the con var. of a berth consisting largely of human-readable, text oriented documents, to an information space in which machine readable data, imbued with some sense of meaning is being exchanged and act ed upon. This machine readable data would consist of metadata. Defined by (NISO 2004) Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise coifs it easier to retrieve, use, or manage an information resource. Metadata is often called data about data or information about information.RDFThere are current technologies which are being veritable by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) which aims to bring development towards a Semantic Web. These technologies such as RDF ( pick Description Frame work) stick out be utilize to moderate meaning to the metadata on the World Wide Web. RDF check to (Berners-lee et al, 2001), encodes a triad (object, subject, verb) using XML tracks. These tags are hidden labels that annotate web pages but these tags gravel no meaning to the document. With RDF, the document fathers decisions that things (people, webpages) seduce properties (is an author of) with true value (another webpage). He goes on to develop that these objects washbasin be identified by an URI (Universal Resource Identifier), the best known being a URL (Universal Resource Locator). The triples call downd by RDF form webs of info about related things. And with URI en code the document, the URI practises sure enough that this information is not just words but is tied to a unique definition that everyone asshole find on the web?Ontologies exclusively how peck a machine differentiate in the midst of these call/objects? schnozzle or Web Ontology Language is a formal language which represents ontologies (intelligent agents) in the semantic web. These intelligient agents get out help relate various types of metadata from the RDF. According to (Berners-lee et al, 2001) ontologies lay down taxonomy and a come of interference rules.TaxonomyDefines illuminatees of objects and relations among them.And foundation express a large tot of relations among objects by assigning properties to partitioninges and allowing subclasses to inherit such properties.Interference Rules help distinguish a same(p) terms, for example that an address from Sligo it, being in Sligo, must be in Co. Sligo, which is in Ireland. (Berners-lee et al, 2001) explains the computer doesnt sincerely understand any of this information, but it can now manipulate the terms often more effectively in ways that are expedient and meaningful to the human user ?. With the ability to perform this function more accurate web searches can be produced, as the searches are based on a precise concept instead of using fainthearted keywords.Turn to the Internet of ThingsThe possibilities of the semantic web can choke a base for the IOT to be certain, due to the quick, intelligent and personal nature of semantic technologies and to the accompaniment that URIs can point to anything. This includes physical objects, which done RDF can kindle their functionality (What they do and how they are controlled) (Berners-lee et al, 2001). (Artem Katasonov et al, 2008) suggests that for the IOT to find out the semantic base or (middleware) must be decentralised. This is suggested due to the high volume of devices connected to the internet, administrators will maintain it difficult in managing such a wide variety of unclimbable information and media. There will be a lease for self-manageable compound systems. They likewise go on to argue that semantic technologies firstly, will function as the basis of sundry(prenominal) components and the integration of data across umpteen domains and secondly, will be used for the coordination of the intelligent agents representing those resources.As previously mentioned in the last section, intelligient agents can roam as a middleware between the heterogeneous component and an autonomous parcel agent. (Artem Katasonov et al, 2008) defines the role of the agent as having the ability to monitor the state of the component, make decisions on behalf of the component and to discover, request and pr actice external help if needed. The agents offer a more flexible system, one in which networks will be monitored easily as information will be already processed.What are Things?The IOT will be based on these intelligent objects which will all communicate with the to individually one other and the end user. These things as previously stated will be individual entities which can interpret and communicate with the internet. They will get hold of an active part at bottom the internet and have the ability to share information about themselves and their environment. (European Commission, 2008) gives a few examples of objects which do menial tasks but use very intelligent systems and advanced network connectionsRetail ExampleMobile Phones will have the ability to be used as credit cards, travel passes and to gain information from the internet. With the use of NFC (Near Field Communications) technology could this be possible. They estimate that in that respect will be 1billion by 201 5.Another example given is a fully automated warehouse, where items are checked in and out. Orders can be passed directly to suppliers automatically. each(prenominal) the cause of RFID (Radio Frequency Identifiers) abandoned to goods and products. Manufactures can view the market needs in real time, this saves time and energy lead story to the whole process being more environmentally friendly.E-health ExampleRFID and detector technologies will help in early diagnostics of patients help doctors make more informed decisions and it will produce alerts if a patients health deteriorates. All information will be gathitherd done lightweight, intelligent sensors on the patient or by possible smart dust (microscopic computers) deep down the patient.Energy ExampleThrough a network of sensors can temperature and redness be dynamically controlled. This helps intelligent houses to reduce energy consumption without the dismissal of an individuals comfort.Environment ExampleThe IOT will hav e an effect on how certain marks (traffic, weather, air particles, water pollution, and the environment are monitored and examined.RFIDRadio oftenness acknowledgement tags typically are small devices that can be infix in or attached to objects for the purpose of tell aparting the object over a radio overhearr channel (Karjoth et al, 2005). RFID consists of a reviewer and a tag.Uses of RFID technologyRFID has been in use now for some years. It started being used in World fight II, by British planes to help them discover their own aircrafts using the appellation Friend or Foe (IFF) system. In the 1960s it was used by Los Alamos National Laboratory to gain access control to there company. battalion in the company wore RFID badges so they could be identified. This helped limit access to classical areas in the company and also made it harder for badges to be forged. Since then RFID has being used to identify animals, track airline luggage, locate lost items, prevent theft and make toys more interactive. Recently, a few multi-national companies have shown an please in this technology such as Wal-mart, Tesco, and the US Military. The main aims according to Roy Want is to make the represent of tags decrease, streamlining the tracking of stock, sales and orders (Want, 2006). With the ability to store information and to connect with tags over a digital colloquy network, RFID can track the journey an object makes between the factories, warehouses, vehicles, and stores (Want, 2006).RFID TagsThe tag, when attached to an object can be identified by the reader over a radio channel. Tags can be read easier and faster than that of normal barcodes, usually indoors the range of a few meters. An RFID tag contains two main components An barbel which is a flat, metallic conductive coil which has the potential to be less than half a millimetre in size, is used to send and receive radio waves. An advance can be printed, etched or stamped on a plastic foil or silicon chip which (Karjoth et al, 2005) defines as a substrate. The second component the silicon chip is a bit or Integrated Circuit (IC). According to (Plaggenborg, 2006), the smallest IC is 0.15 mm x 0.15 mm and is 7.5 m thick.Both the antenna and IC are attached to a plastic tag. The main types of RFID tags are active, passive and semi-passive.Active tags contain their own internal power source. The word active is due to the fact that it uses an active radio oftenness transmitter to communicate in a session with the reader. This gives active tags a better read range than passive tags, covering hundreads of meters. It can communicate by means of difficult environments such as water or heavy metal, which Plaggenborg states is impossible for passive tags. He goes on to say that active tags have a greater amount of stock and are more secure because of their more advanced IC treat capabilities. resistless tags use electromagnetic waves from the reader to attract a connection to the tags antenna. Power is transferred from the reader to the tag through the electromagnetic waves. Because it does not need its own battery passive tags can have an unlimited biography (in theory). nevertheless a passive tags response is limited by the readers taper strength. The tags response or backscatter is limited by its range which is close to four to five metres. Because of there simple design and low cost (five cent a tag), passive tags are mainly used in the retail industry.Semi-passive tags contain both a small battery and subscribe to waves from the reader to send a response. The small battery inwardly the tag is used for the ICs logic and to give a response to the reader through the antenna. Due to the small battery these tags have a short lifespan, they are more delicate and are very expensive.Classes of TagsTags are separated into different classes depending on there functionality. This body-buildwork which was develop by the Auto ID middle and later by EPC (electr onic product Code), 1separates tags into five different classes. From class one to the greater functionality of class five.Tag MemoryA tags chip is either read-only retrospect (ROM) or read-write. Data which is embedded onto the chip at its manufacturing take that can only be read was called class 0 tags. Tags can be used with static random access recollection (SRAM) to produce what is called a Write Once Read Many (WORM) tag. The unique id in this tag type is permanently stored on the chip.12 Read-only chips are mainly used for tracking. Read-write allows the ability to change the chips ID and also to add some data to the tags memory. learning can be programmed onto read-write chips but these are very expensive. EEPROM (a technique for erasing memory and overwriting it) can also be used for this process. Also chips can be manufactured in such a way that the ID is cannot be alter but that information can still be written to memory. Passive tags can store from 32 bits to 128 k ilobytes of data. Since active tags have their own battery they can afford to store more, some tags having the ability to store up to one megabyte of memory.13Frequencies(Plaggenborg, 2006) states that there are four frequency bands, each with their own characteristic in regards to talk. For example low frequencies can cut across such conditions as water and metal but are much s deject than that of high frequencies. High frequencies are faster but with the mar that they cannot penetrate the conditions mentioned. RFID operates on an unlicensed spectrum space called philosophy (industrial, scientific and medical). The ISM frequencies vary on which country you are in.There are two distinct systems in regards to its physical properties to which RFID communicates from the tag to the reader. Low frequencies and high frequencies use near field communication through the process of inductive sexual union from a magnetic field. The reader creates a magnetic field between itself and the r eader. The reader induces an electric current in the tags antenna. From this, the reader gains the tags ID and also gives power to the tags IC. The reader learns the tags ID, by varying the load on the antennas coil which changes the current on the readers communication coil.12 Ultra High frequency and Microwave frequency use far-field communication. It uses the physical property of backscattering, which is the process of the reader sending a continuous bespeak frequency that is reflected back by the tags antenna. The tag encodes the reflected signal with information using modulation (i.e. changing the amplitude of the waves returned).12 RFID uses a frequency spectrum similar to that of radiocommunication and Bluetooth networks and hybrid tags are currently being developed for them to communicate.12StandardsAs with any established product and technology, RFID has many proposed standards. Standards provide many benefits such as universal procedures for all and interoperability betw een technologies. There are a number of bodies in the development of RFID TechnologyISOEPC globalETSIFCC 12(Plaggenborg, 2006) states the point that the main areas to which standards have being proposed areAir interface protocols These are ISO standards ranging from ISO 18000-1 to 7 and are concerned with how tags and readers communicate. EPC has its own set of standards similar to ISOs 18000-6 (860-960 MHZ range). These EPC tags are not interoperable with each other and are not interoperable with the ISO standard. So EPC are working on a new set of protocols (GEN 2) that can work with the class 0 and class 1 passive tags and should be closely aligned with the ISO standard.12Data sate and Encoding This is concerned with data formatting or organisation, numbering schemes (Plaggenborg, 2006).Conformance- This is the testing of products to see if they meet the standards.Applications- How standards are used on certain labels13Electronic Product CodeIs a unque code which is containe d deep down an RFID tags memory. It is much the alike as the barcode scheme UPC for identifying physical objects. EPC is differs from UPC as it has the capability to identify every single product item individually. For example when a shopkeeper scans a barcode the code relates to the type of product he is scanning (this pile is a packet of Jacob biscuits).If he scanned another packet of Jacob biscuits he would get the same(p) result. In contrast, if he scanned an EPC tag he would be able to identify not just the make of the product but the individual product he is scanning. So this time when he scans another packet of Jacob biscuits, (that is not the original packet) it will come up with a different result.EPC uses a 96 bit number to identify a product. This gives it a bulky scope of numbers for product identification as opposed to UPC.As shown in figure 3 The EPC code consists of many components. The header identifies what coding scheme is in use. There are many different scheme s to which vapid Ward gives three examples Global Trade Identification Number GLTN, attendant Shipping Container Code SSCC and Global Location Number GLN.15 The Manger number defines the company that produced the product (Manufacturer). The object class identifies the actual product. The Serial number refers to the individual item/product. EPCs 96 bit code according to flavorless Ward can identify 268 million companies, each manufacturer can have 16 million object classes and 68 billion ensuant numbers for every individual object.Matt Ward in his makeup (Ward et al, 2006), also discuss about the EPC Network Architecture. He explains, clearly how RFID tags do not work in isolation but are part of an overall system be it a supply chain or any kind of logistical recording. He notes how the RFID tag can work as the primary key in representing a product within the database. A vision of this technology is being developed which is called the EPC Network Architecture. The architecture consists of many tags being connected through their readers to an organisations database or back-office first step system.In the previous chapter we observed the possible middleware for the Semantic web. Well here are the key technologies which (Ward et al, 2006) suggests are appropriate for supporting the massive increase of information that will result from in an RFID system.Savant is as he puts it is the middleware software system that links reader devices and processes the information streams from tags. It acts as the gateway to the enterprise systems and database applications, providing filtering, aggregation and counting of tag-based data. (Ward et al, 2006)ONS Object Naming Service much like the Domain Name Service (DNS) on the World Wide Web helps translate the EPC code into a Uniform Reference Locator. This is where it looks up the reparation of where the tags associated database is.Physical Mark up Language (PML) is an XML-based language which uses a standard vocabulary for describing physical objects, observations made by the RFID readers of these objects and observations made about the readers themselves and there exchanging of data end-to-end the EPC network (Ward et al, 2006). It uses two main vocabularies one for communication between Savant and the enterprise applications and a second (Core PML) for communication throughout the EPC network. (Seong Leong,2004)(Ward et al, 2006) notes indirectly about the IOT when he mentions of the possibilities of IPV6 as an alternative to EPC coding. IPV6 is a communication network standard which delegates the addressing and routing of data packets through a network. It is an improved addressing protocol from that of IPV4 which has the capacity up to 4 billion addresses. IPV6 can give 430 quintillion addresses for every inch of the worlds surface.15 yet Ward explains that for a tag to have an IPV6 address, it would no longer be used as an assigned permanent identifier on objects. Saying this he highlights the fact that the U.S. military are investigating and plan to use IPV6 tags in the near future.RFID ReadersReaders can be handheld or a fixed device. Examples of handheld readers are similar to that of barcode readers, but readers can be placed in PDAs or mobile phones. Class 5 tags are actually designed to be readers they can read and exchange information with other tags.15 Fixed readers are used for electronic tolls or can be placed within walls or ceilings. Readers communicate with a tag to gain its id number. When the reader is held close to a passive tag, the tags antenna consumes the energy from the reader which in turn powers the IC. The IC responds information back. This depends on the type of tag. There are two main types of readers ones in which the reader can only read information from the tag. These usually operate with an EPC class 1 tag. The other type is readers which can write information onto the tag. This depends on if the memory on the tag is read/write. Accordi ng to (Ward et al, 2006), Readers are seemly more sophisticated and are beginning to act as an compliance to the internet through supporting TCP/IP technologies and other such protocols as DHCP, UDP/IP and wireless 802.11.RFIDs Relevance to the Future of the InternetFrom the query into this area we have seen that RFID has the components to develop a network of communicating things. Because RFID can both send and receive data about an object within various conditions e.g. underwater, through walls etc. We can communicate with solitary objects and their position, condition and other relevant information for whatever purpose they were placed on an object. Through examining various papers on this topic, most come to the con date that RFID as a technology is not attractive enough of a proposition for companies to develop at present. RFID is too expensive to be added too or implemented in a manufacturers product. Currently, you can get the cheapest RFIDs at 5 cent each.13Matt Ward see s RFID tags as a stepping rock and roll to ubiquitous computing. There will not be a fully fledged IOT but one in which will be developed systematically. He proposes that the internet will be extended to a direct below computational devices, which consists of simpler devices/items. As the RFID technologies become more accepted in the market place, there will be more of a take away for tags that can achieve greater amounts of tasks. Similar to the pre requites we defined in section two, Matt notes the technological developments needed for their relevance in the internet of things.Firstly, each of these items must be able to identify itself to other items and to the network in general. This is provided for by the introduction and development of RFID technology. Secondly, these items should include some element of embedded computational power in order to act with some level of intelligence. Thirdly, they will need to have some sense of their physical environment and geographical loc ation. Continuing developments in computational science and electronics, particularly work on miniaturisation, tiny operating systems and wireless communication will make this vision increasingly realistic (Ward et al, 2006)Near field communicationThis is a new development in RFID, one of which uses near field coupler signalling between devices in the 13.56 MHZ band.11 This standard has the ability to read existing passive tags and aims to develop them to communicate with peer devices at a 20cm locality. It was set up by the Near-field communication forum. The NFC standard aims to streamline the discovery process by passing wireless Media Access Control addresses and channel-encryption keys between radios through a near-field coupling side channel, which, when limited to 20 cm, lets users enforce their own physical security for encryption key exchange (Want,2006). He also mentions how through this two way authentication process can a more reliable connection be made then that of r adio receiver and Bluetooth. Reliable in the sense that it would not form any associations with devices that arent local. sensory(a)(a) RFIDMany commentators believe the next development of RFID will be an enabled sensory function. This will give tags the ability to make measurements about its surrounding environment based on such gauges as pressure, temperature, flow-rate and speed vibrations.15 These devices will be connected to the internet by radio frequencies or through wireless communication systems. Due to the batteries capacity, active tags would seem to be more adequate for development.13 Plaggenborg describes in his developmental paper of RFID about Mitsubishis research team who developed location aware objects with light sensitive RFID tags. This consisted of an RFID reader with a projector to give precise feedback of a products location. The device is aimed at the products in question. It projects a bod over the product and each pixel shows a different code. This code with its identity is then communicated back to the handheld device. It then uses an (x, y) coordinate to visually give the user feedback. As we can see, its not impossible for this technology if creatively used to be developed further.Distributed MemoryThe amount of memory a tag can store could be limitless if the tag can store and recover its information from a local database. But the tag could not be able to implicitly recover the information all the time. For tags to work more effective, it will need to utilise its self storing capability. Currently a tag can store from 200 to 8,000 bits.12 believes that tags in the future will have the ability to store more information. exit to more distributed information being placed in our surroundings.Standardisations for the IOTIf the IOT is going to happen then interoperability is a must. There are currently a number of groups who are working on low power wireless communication standards between objects. ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, Z-Wave, and Blue tooth Low Energy are the main standards for this type of communication. But the base of communication for the Physical layers for Zigbee and 6LoWPAN is IEEEs 802.15.4.IEEEs 802.15.4Developed and maintained by the IEEE 802.15 working group, 802.15.4 is a low power wireless personal area network (LoWPAN) standard. Released in 2003, it was the first low power-radio standard.18 It is used as a spec for the physical (PHY) and fair access control (MAC) layers. To gain a effect protocol stack other standards are needed to define the higher(prenominal) layers. According to (Orrevad, 2009), the physical of the protocol uses three different frequency bands 868-868.8 megacycle within Europe which allows one communication channel, 902-928 MHz within northwestern America that allows ten to thirty channels and 2400-2483.5 MHz range for the eternal sleep of the world and uses up to sixteen channels. This standard aims to work with multiple low cost nodes of a long lifespan. To achieve an IOT such attributes would have to be viable. But this low cost/ low power reply, limits the capability of both the microcontroller and the LoWPANs links. The throughput is suggested to reach the 250Kbps limit. And the frame length is only 128 bytes. It uses short 16-bit link addresses, as well as IEEE EUI-64 addresses, to reduce header overhead and memory requirements. LoWPANs make contact over multiple hops. Microcontrollers which work with this standard usually have about 8 Kbytes of data RAM and 64 Kbytes of program ROM.The main features of IEEE 802.15.4 highlighted within (Orrevad, 2009)s informative paper are the fact of its use of attack aircraft carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) which avoids collisions, sharing a single channel with multiple users by using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), with the ability to sleep it gives appropriate energy efficiency and through its use of guaranteed time slots (GTS) it can guarantee sensors transmission if they are precise in nature.FramesFrames contain a certain patterns in which other devices can understand. Differerent frames have different uses. There are four types of frames defined in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard Beacon, used by a coordinator to transmit beaconsA data frame, for different data transfersAn acknowledgement(ACK) frame, used for a confirmation of successful frame transferA MAC command frame, used for handling all MAC transfers between entitiesThe beacon, ACK, and MAC frames are mainly used for lower layer signalling.HeadersHeaders in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard consist of the physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer headers which contain different features that can be set when sending a packet. Maximum physical layer packet size including overhead is 102 octets.19 He adds, if you add link-layer security you add an unneeded 21 octets for an AES-CCM-128 encryption. This leaves 81 octets available for the higher levels of the protocol stack.IPV6 in tegrationIPV6 is the newest version of the Internet protocol, which was created in the late 1990s as a solution to the limited numbe

Post War Cultural Revolution in the UK

rate warfare Cultural Revolution in the UKThe Emergence of the Teenager Consumer in the 1950sA turning point in history the post-war cultural change gave rise to one of the most interesting and bureauful phenomenon of that time the early days subculture.Supported by an uprising economic and cultural change, the puerilers of the 1950s, left their check out in history by cosmos the ones that turned a sort from usage and started their avouch culture. Influenced by American style, film and music, British puppylikesters created a military man where they could do whatsoal waysthing they wanted be make they had everything they had the silver, they had the time, and everything virtually them was built to fit their desires and pleasures. Nothing was breathing out to stop them having the time of their lives.The YouthquakeOsgerby explains that younkerquake is a phrase charged with connotations of deep-seated gen date of referencetional upheaval. It is a term coined by cultural commentators like Richard Neville, Kenneth bloodsucker or Peter Lewis in the 1970s. Apparently, the term youngquake was used to describe the seismic transformations () occurring in young throng lives during the 1950s and 1960s (Osgerby, 2004 16).Since the World struggle Two eradicateed, cultural changed divided the world into two generational build up camps (Neville, 1970 13, cited in Osgerby 2004 16) and Leech (19731) believed that the 1950s had been supremely the decade of the teenager since youth culture became such an international phenomenon through the rise in commercial messageised interest in twain the textile and recording industries.However, rather than being a total shock and break with the past, the youthquake had some early signs. The gage entertainment industry emerged in the Victorian Era, ready for the urban work class which had been stepwise ext winduping their income and leisure time (Osgerby, 2004 17). A visible consumer classify of this period were the working youngsters, who, with their spending power, laid the base for an embryonic youth leisure marketplace (Osgerby, 2004 17).Young people had a healthy income and no family responsibilities therefore there were better off than at almost any other age and could afford to go out and enjoy themselves (Springhall 1980 89 cited in Osgerby, 2004 17)An estimative study by David Fowler shows that between the wars youths money wages rose between 300% and 500%. Because of their lack of responsibilities, youngsters could have got almost 50% of their earnings which means that they enjoyed a higher beat of living than the rest of the family.A commentator in Manchester described how a nineteen year old semi-skilled youth employed in a an iron factory could earn a pound a calendar week and, afterward surrendering twelve shillings to his parents for board, was free to spend the remainder on clothes, free rein and the music halls (Osgerby, 1998 6)Of course, these things increasingly att racted the attention of entrepreneurs and manufacturers who were planning of creating a youth market (Osgerby, 2004 18).During the early 1920s and 1930s a hard-sell youth market arose and cinemas, mag publishers, dance halls and commercial music halls all started to make a gain from the spending power of the young workers (Fowler, 1995 170 in Osgerby, 2004 18).The rise of the commercial youth market has occurred well before the 1950s and 1960s. Osgerby explains that by the end of the Victorian Era, on both sides of the Atlantic, manufacturers, advertisers and media industries were already tapping into young peoples spending power, the trend picking up momentum during the 1920s and 1930s (2004 19).Mort (1997, cited in Osgerby, 2004) states that Britains development as a modern consumer deliverance was slower compared to the US. If America has an economic growth during the war, Britains economy was brought to its knees after the Second World War which meant consumer spending had a hesitant development. Consequently, compared to the US, teenage consumerism developed slower in Britain. Nevertheless, the British youth market gradually came into its own (Osgerby, 2004 26). During the 1950s and 1960s standards of living were boosted by full employ and a sustained rise in money wages. That is when everything started to come into shape.Teenagers as a consumer group SELLS LIKE TEEN SPIRITOsgerby (1998) states that the characteristics that seemed to set youth apart as a distinct group were not their bio-psychological attri scarcelyes, just now their distinctive patterns of media use and practices of commodity consumption.But how did these young people become such an beta consumer group? Firstly, the post war era saw the so called baby boom which ensured a growth in the young population. The number of people aged under twenty increase from around three million in 1951 to just over 4 million in 1966 (Department of Employment, 1971 206-207, cited in Osgerby, 2004). J ust like in the join States, education expansion also helped youth in becoming a distinct social group. Secondly, throughout the 1950s and 1960s, during the economic boost, with the expansion of the consumer industries and reconfiguration of the traditionalistic labour markets the levels of youth employment increased immensely. Consequently, with the growth of the teenagers spending power came the development of the youth market cinemas, record companies, music halls, magazines, fashion houses and so on, all saw a huge expansion. Assisted by a naked as a jaybird army of advertisers and marketers, the market started to sell products geared to the teenagers pleasures and desires. (Osgerby, 2004 9, 10)En consummate entertainment industry emerged, interested only in catering for the urban working youth with expanding disposable income and leisure time. Everyday habits and tastes became simply consumer goods, and markets started to endeavor them as much as they could. New products a nd services, new fashion styles, new consumer patterns emerged, suggesting the British new identities, desires and pleasure and how to live their metropolitan lives.By the tardy 1950s, youth became known for and associated with spending per se. Mark Abrams market research shows that young people, more than any other social group, has materially prospered since the war (cited in Osgerby, 1998 26)Youth subcultures adapted their styles from consumer objects, which was very shocking for critics of all political persuasions, since their cultural insubordination wasallied to a consumerism that touched a very un-British hedonism as it squandered its money on extravagant clothing, pop records, scooters, over-priced frothy coffee, take bikes, drugs, clubs and attempts to create a perpetual weekend (Chambers, 1986 42)The American influencePost War reconstruction of Britain, was influenced by the expansive image of America and its industrial and cultural power. Since America was the most cap italist society in the world, it became the centre of all Britains fears of foreign, urban and commercial forces that would destroy the English way of spirit (Chambers, 1986 36). The American way of life became an inspiration for the Brits, both culturally and in terms of material goods. The increased availability of cheap colourise magazines brought a proliferation of advertising for luxury commodities, much of it originating in America (Jackson, online resource). in spite of all the protests coming from cultural intellectuals such as Richard Hoggart (The uses of literacy, 1957) and Raymond Williams (Culture and Society, 1958) who feared that Americanization would be the end of British culture, Hollywood films, commercial television, glossy magazines and consumer goods was everything the British consumers could have ever wished for.Films portrayed the life that most British people just stargaze of. One of the most known and cited films of that time was Rebel without a cause (19 55, directed by Nicholas Ray) starring James Dean. He played the component part of a bored teenager with an affluent middle class life style. Even if he had his own car and a home alter with luxury consumer goods, Jim Stark the character of James Dean, was full of distress, anger and resentment. He quickly became a role model for most of the British teenagers.The unparalleled position of post-war teenagers, physically almost adult only excluded from adult roles and responsibilities, with respectable disposable cash, and familiar from early childhood with the products of modern mass media healthy, well-fed, and energetic, yet involved in less hard physical work than some of their ancestors this privileged, new position seemed merely to throw into sharp relief for them the terminal point of their existence and to give them the opportunity to respond in new ways to these conditions. Music-use became one of the main chosen instruments of their response. (Dick, 1992)Young Brits st arted to turn away from their parents and the British tradition, creating their own cultural expression. Inspired by the early American quiver n roll, and Hollywood films, they created a series of spectacular and distinctive British subcultures such asThe Teds working class Londoners, around 1953 with distinguishable characteristics as quiffs, Elvis, flick-knives, crepe soles, alcoholThe Mods working class Londoners, around 1963 Jamaican rudeboy / Italian style, US soul, purple hearts, The Small faces, scooters, amphetaminesYouth culture was full of contradictions they had a strong desire to express their individuality but they were wearing the equivalent clothes as their mates and they were rebelling against the capitalism that they were already slaves to. (Milestone, 1999)ConclusionBritish history and all its changes and turns was massively influenced by the two World Wars, but mostly by the Second World War which was, according to Osgerby (1998) a decisive turning point in the nations social, economic and political life. At the beginning of the 1950s Britain was still exhausted, both financially and morally after years of war and its cities were still bombsites. However, it was in the 1950s that Britain started to rise again, entering a period of increased riches and freedom, and many of the old traditional structures began to be challenged, particularly by the young (online resources).The essay shows how the phenomenon of youth subculture and consumerism started quite early but peaked around the 1950s, when economic, social and cultural developments provided the perfect environment. Influenced by American culture, the British teenagers created their own world, a world of music and motorcycles, of freedom and entertainment, where nothing was more important than being stylish and cool, and having things to show it.BibliographyChambers, Iain (1986) Popular Culture, The Metropolitan Experience, London RoutledgeOsgerby, broadsheet (1998) Youth in Britai n since 1945, Oxford Blackwell PublishersOsgerby, Bill (2004) Youth Media, Abingdon RoutledgeOnline resourcesKatie Milestone ,The Guardian, Saturday 18 declination 1999http//www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/dec/18/weekend7.weekend5 as accessed on 4th Jan 2015Andrew Jackson, Designing Britain 1945-1985http//www.vads.ac.uk/ larn/designingbritain/html/crd_cultrev.html as accessed on the 20th Dec 2014http//britishrock.weebly.com/1-birth-of-teenage-culture-1950s-britian.html as accessed on the 20th Dec 2014All the photos were saved from https//images.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl

Lateral Ankle Sprain Injury Health And Social Care Essay

Lateral Ankle Sprain Injury Health And Social palm EssayThe aim of this essay is to provide a factual survey and evaluation of the implications of a lateral mortise-and-tenon say sprain and the pathopysiological systemal processes that whitethorn be involved. This study discusses the social and psychological factors that whitethorn impact on the patients obtain of such injuries, highlighting the importance of . The following cutting study on Mr Attallah caravan inn provides a platform to discuss presenting biopsychosocial factors that need to be considered when qualification a management design.Mr Khan sprained his ankle whilst taking part in a three legged race. He inverted over on his right ankle experiencing intense smart with inability to bear saddle. The main(prenominal) structures within the ankle that would be affected in this type of stigma would be the three main lateral ligaments that cooperate to prevent the ankle form rolling forward and outward to keep up her with the muscles of the lateral compartment, peroneus longus and peroneus brevis.( re the anterior talofibular ligament, the posterior tablofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament.) Hubbard T, Wikstrom E, states that anterior talofibular ligaments (ATFL), reported to be the weakest is the first ligament injured. This is followed by calcaneofibular ligament (PTFL) and finally to the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). X-rays of right ankle showed no fractures.Mr Khan is a week post blur and at sub nifty take of inflammation. The subacute stage is when heal and repair occurs. As a entrust of the inflammation Mr Khan has experienced soreness and swelling that causes him a diffuse of discomfort at the end of the day. He uses the crutch to admirer him get well-nigh and finds it tight managing stairs and manoeuvring around the office. Hubbard T, Wikstrom E states that in methodicalness to regain stability of the ankle sum, immediate c atomic number 18 and rehab ilitation should emphasis on enhancing ligament healing.2. Mr Khan lives with his wife and two children. He has been recently promoted to accessory in a city law firm. He is fairly ready and enjoys family activities such as playing with the children and family walks. Mr Khan may feel gigantic pressure and anxiety to carry on with his normal daily duties at home and at perish despite his suffering. He suffers from tension headaches which may be a emergence of heavy work pressures as a resolving of his demanding position, for this he takes ibuprofen. Although Mr Khan takes for his headaches it may slow down the healing of the damaged ligaments. NSAIDs work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, substances that are involved in pain and overly in the creation of collagen Warden S.J et al ( 2009) Collagen is the key portion of most tissues and without prostaglandins collagen cannot be made which allow for hinder the repair of the tissue. By taking such painkillers Mr Khan may continue daily duties without the signals of pain resulting in further injury to the affected area. Mr Khan in like manner continues to work and has to also commute to the city and meetings, this lack of rest and weight sort on the ankle may further delay the healing process. Mr Khan has forthcoming plans to travel in four months to America and then to Pakistan this will make a quick recovery his main priority.Mr Khan is a successful professional, intelligent and very motivated. With this in mind (Hegna T, Sveram M 1990) states that it is authorized to structure a rehabilitation plan that may influence motivating during recovery and it is obligatory to try and identify which factors arouse each individuals motivation so that strategies can be used to enhance it. In de boundine provide a successful plan for rehabilitation it would be necessary to set achievable, realistic goals in line with Mr Khan desired conclusion which to walk again uninhibited by pain or swellin g. To deliver the goods full compliance may prove to be very difficult but the practitioner being seen as the professional whose place is to help patients achieve their objective may promote patient adherence. In Mr Khans case the management plan moldiness(prenominal) include functional activities that are knowing to initiate full recovery of the injury which will in turn allow Mr Khan to get on with his life.Management of Mr Khans lateral ligament injury will involve protection, rest, ice ,compression and elevation (PRICE) and function rehabilitation ie. primal mobilisation with support states Mattacola G, Dwyer K (2002). Research shows that early mobilisation of the joint will stimulate collagen bundle orientation and therefore stimulate healing. The main(a) goal for Mr Khan is to manage the pain, control the inflammation and protect the joint so that healing can take place. Hubbard T, Wikstrom E, (2010). state that in the acute stages of healing it is important to protect t he lateral ligament of the ankle because the damage caused would arrive at caused increased laxity. Protection is required with ankle bracing to prevent re-injury man the ligament heals. Rest is a necessary element to Mr Khans plan, this may however be difficult to enforce as Mr Khan is a very agile man and may feel it necessary to place his treatment plan secondary to his family and work commitments. Enforcement of this rule may require discussions with Mr Khan in order to identify the factors that may hinder him from amply resting his ankle, this may also require the supervision and cooperation of the rest of his family. Factors to consider may be his work load as a new partner in the solicitors firm in which he works, together with the fact that the climbing of stairs with a crutch to get to his office is proving very difficult for him. This may require a ephemeral relocation of his office to the ground floor or a result of working at home until Mr Khan is able to bear we ight on the ankle. Mr Khan is an intelligent man and needs to appreciate the logic in the activities he has been asked to do. It is important for the rehabilitation plan to reflect Mr Khans objectives but equally as important is the requirement for Mr Khan to cooperate and fully embrace the plan in order for it to be successful. Mr Khan must also elevate the ankle to reduce the swelling which will result in less pain an ice compression will also assist in this process. With less pain present Mr Khan may begin to engage in gentle mobilisation techniques track onto exercises that sterilise motion and strength usually within 48 to 72 hours of injury. It is indispensable that the patient has complete confidence and have an understanding that if they cooperate and respect with each stage of the plan it will eventually lead to a successful outcome. Dividing the rehabilitation up into short term goals such as reducing the inflammation resulting in less pain progressing to long term goa ls will allow both patient and practitioner to monitor and touchstone the success of the treatment and make adjustments where necessary. When short term goals are realised this then provides encouragement and motivation for future stages in the treatment. Mr Khan must understands that if the inflammation is first addressed and dealt with then the pain will adjudicate leading to increased range of motion and joint stability, thus leading to a return of activities of daily living (ADL). Patients can become non-compliant to treatment plan if they do not appreciate the rationality behind what they are asked to do. Ley. P. (1988) states that by Improving communication by either increasing the meat of information provided or by using special techniques can very much led to increased understanding, recall and satisfaction.Mr Khan is impatient and frustrated with his injury and feels that it is an obstacle to fulfilling the commitments he faces with this in mind it is important to expl ain why it is necessary to engage with to the treatment and failure to do so may lead to a delayed recovery, that may prevent him from not except continuing in his weekend walks with the family but also may result in him having to cancel his forthcoming travel plans. The Biopsychosocial model of health outgo fits this case as it is vital to take into account the biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors touch Mr Khans case. By not focusing on the injury in closing off but taking into account Mr Khans lifestyle, mind-set, commitments, education, perception of control and his ultimate goals, a precise achievable treatment plan can be devised to help restore him not only back to full, pain-free mobility but to his role in society as a husband, father and lawyer.

Reshaping Care For Older People In Scotland Social Work Essay

Reshaping palm For old(a) People In Scotland Social Work Essay This throw up eyes on the solution from a stem of dish up users who fox been diagnosed with dementia and learn a day promise dish out in the Perth and Kinross ara to a consultation regarding the approaching deli really of plow for h unrivalledst-to- life-threateningness sight in Scotland. Cl early, the Scottish policy-making science has stated that with the commonwealth of commonwealth aged 65 and over in Scotland expected to increase by up to 21 per cent by 2016 and 62 per cent bigger by 2031, as tumefy as the increasing make up of funding health and sanitary-disposed cautiousness hospital and founder heed at stands spliticularly, on that point is an urgent need to do things differently in order to be able to continue to submit sustainable and affordable and high quality cover for fourth-year flock in Scotland (Scottish administrator 2010). With the projected growth in the cast of previous(a) mess expected to create additional signifi batht demand on feign and moderate utilitariannesss the headway gum olibanum arise what is to be d whiz to reshape the deli actually of occupy overhauls in the succeeding(a) given these projections? The consultation exercise commissi singled on both briny atomic number 18as function for salaried for the private caveat of sr. passel and the causa of c be that inspection and repair users prefer.Free private heraldic bearing for fourth-year flock (aged 65 and supra) was introduced in Scotland in 2002 by and by the Community C ar and headspringness (Scotland) Act 2002 (hereafter referred to as CCHSA 2002) bringd royal assent. The background for the knowledgeableness of the polity is in the recommendation of the august Commission on eagle-eyed marge C atomic number 18 (1999) which states that own(prenominal) conduct should be available after assessment, harmonize to need and paid for from general taxation. Scotland al whizz as Bowes and campana (2007) storied, of the jurisdictions of the united Kingdom implemented the recommendation of the Royal Commission on considerable Term C be (as above). In respect of the CCHSA 2002 which is the legislation that implements the constitution of needy in the flesh(predicate) premeditation, individualized oversee is defined under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 as including overhaul with continence management, personal hygiene, mobility, tending with eating, keep going and counselling assistants, personal assistance much(prenominal) as help acquire up and out of bed, as salutary as help with medication. many an(prenominal) sociable constitution commentators and researchers as swell up as various(a) stakeh old(a)s necessitate described Scotlands drop off personal carry on polity in various sorts. Blair (2002) for illustrate run intos the complimentary personal trade form _or_ system of government as representing the very to the lowest degree that could be offered to sr. masses with enduring ill-health, while hop on Concern Scotland (2009) described the form _or_ system of government as successful in part older plenty stop living independently in their give sign of the zodiac instead of moving into residential vex. While Dickenson et al. (2007) viewed the advent of the indemnity as a defining moment in the development of administrational devolution in the United Kingdom, Bowes and Bell (2007) described it as a flagship policy of the Scottish Parliament and representing a considerable investment by the administration. In a much less enthusiastic tone however, Ferguson (2005) noned that the recommendation made by the Royal Commission on Long Term Care (stated earlier) was initially rejected by the Scottish decision maker as universe too equally and that it was later accepted by the Scottish Executive in order to avoid parliamentary defeat.However, in spite of t he success of the policy thus far and its political impact as briefly highlighted above, there is a growing concern in carnal knowledge to its pertinacious name sustainability especially with the projected growth in the population of older people in Scotland (mentioned earlier) and the concomitant pressure on the commonplace purse. For example Sutherland (2008) and Bowes and Bell (2007) most(prenominal)(prenominal) highlight the inadequate consideration of the cost of the policy, as well as the tarradiddle of the Scottish Parliament audit Committee (2005) which was very critical of the Scottish Executives failure to fully study the cost of the policy.Bell et al. (2006) noned that there had been an apparent shift in the balance of guard towards increased provide of caveat at family unit in Scotland onward the introduction of the policy of uncaring personal aid and has remained the case since the policy was introduced, and remains one of the wetest draw a bead ons in recounting to the aims of the policy. Bell et al (2006) boost posit that the free personal safekeeping policy may draw served as a logical solution to what the Royal Commission on Long Term Care (1999) termed the particularly arguable boundaries between health and sociable condole with in comparison to people with degenerative conditions such as dementia whose social and personal care needs result from a medical condition. If we agree with Bell et al here, we crowd out see implications of the policy of free personal care at heart the integrated go and processes such as single shared assessments knowing to encourage and acquit flexibility in service thus providing remedy choice for service users, while in any case promoting legality through standardisation (Alaszewski et al 2004).The main aims of the policy of free personal care harmonize to Scottish Executive (2005) include encourage and help older people to remain and stay in their give birth homes for as long as is practicably possible and reasonable to do so, as well as provide personal care serve on an equitable root word based on an assessment of peoples needs. Only one of the service users (out of a ag chemical meeting of twelve) who participated in the point classify consultation for this project verbalise she would prefer to go into residential care rather than to receive care at home. This further highlights the already well documented orientation of older service users for care in their own home rather than bear on into residential care a major aim of the policy.Why the polity is fundamental The policy of free personal care has been shaped by, and since its spring has shaped other policies in a number of ways both expected and un-anticipated. This interaction with other policies has been mainly in community care and spans social care and health, grants and benefits, accommodate, rights and citizenship settings. one(a) of the policy aims pursued by political rel ation in the United Kingdom has been the de-institutionalisation of social care whereby social care is moved away from institutional settings to the community which gibe to Godfrey et al. (2004) reflects the general preference of older people to receive care at home and inside their own communities ( in deal manner evince by the reduce throng participants for this project). The free personal care policy tummy be seen as a very important policy indeed as it gos care at home (a view shared by the think group participants for this project) by providing older people with a lot to a greater extent choice for example, they can cull when and if they allow for move from home care into residential care. concord to the stool Rowntree foundation (2006) the policy of free personal care for older people in Scotland has created a fairer system of care as well as well as reduced promoter-testing and money worries for those families with modest or express means. This is withal one o f the important issues raised by some of the service users who participated in the condense group I facilitated for this project. Some of the participants revealed that things would definitely have been very difficult for them if they did non get assistance with personal care. To further buttress the above point, some of the service users who participated in the focus on group were not in keep of the government being responsible for the provision of personal care but did however support the provision of free personal care for those with limited means or who do not have a family to support them. One of the points also highlighted by service users during consultation was that the free personal care policy has helped their carers ( lax carers) as well because it allowed them more beat to carry out other less hands-on support and tasks such as social outings.Some of the issues the policy aims to address include a greater understanding of the role of the family, the provision of in imageal care and the mechanisms which can be further developed to provide support for the provision and recognition of the important contribution s of informal care. The boilers suit design of the future social care makes looking at the policy of free personal care very important because of its direct and collateral interaction with other policies and areas of social care mad health, as well as housing, benefits and pensions, citizenship and rights. Some of the interactions of the policy with the wider objective of shifting the balance of care away from institutional settings towards care at home have already been mentioned. The policy of free personal care has implications for housing, for instance if more and more people are going to be receiving care at home, to be able to live independently with support therefore, perhaps a penny-pinching number of houses would require adaptations especially for those service users with mobility problems whose own houses may not have been buil t to barrier free standards. If also look at pension credits, for example, according to the Help the Aged (2005) one implication of the introduction of the policy of free personal care is that local governing have directed increased efforts towards service users income maximisation meaning local governance will want to make sure service users claim pension credit if they are eligible for it because it will local authorities will be acquiting less in fees and thus saving money.Erskine (1998) argues that the point of departure for thinking nigh social policy includes the consideration of social issues (for example, the changing demographic structure of society) and the incur of social groups (for example older people) and thus leads to social action (Alcock 2008) aimed at addressing the issues identified.One of the reasons I selected the free personal care policy for my project apart from the fact that it flat affects the service user group with whom I soured during my practi ce learning period, there is a wealth of register from research which suggests that the current system of great(p) social care is not sustainable in the longer term especially with the projected growth in the number of older people who will be needing care as well as the staring(a) squeeze on familiar deteriorateing. Clearly, an increase in longevity would be regarded as a sign of success in the improvement of healthcare it also presents a huge challenge. Consequently, the provision of high quality care work and support for older people, given the demographic changes and reduced popular finances is regarded as one of the three biggest challenges facing Scotland alongside frugal recovery and climate change (Scottish Executive 2010).The policy of free personal care is part of the overall vision of the Scottish government to spring up adult care services, make it fit for take aim, a systems that gives choice and overlook to service users, is responsive to the needs of a 21 st century Scotland and shifts the focus away from crisis response towards a more clogging approach (Scottish Executive (2010). The provision of high quality care and support for older people is a fundamental principle of social justice and is an important earmark of a society that is both compassionate and caring, Scottish Executive (2010). This is one of the very reasons why the policy was selected for this project to gather evidence from service users in relation to their views and opinions on the future of care services and support for older people in Scotland. The value of user conflict and corporation in the training and development of the services they receive cannot be over-emphasised as will be discussed in the next section of this paper.This project focuses on service users who have been diagnosed with dementia or a cognitive decline in quality and attend a day centre service in Perth. disclose Two Reflective AccountService users selection and involvement One of the reasons I facilitated a response from the service users in my placement authorization for the consultation and policy employ in this project was because the service users themselves are important stakeholders and are at the receiving end of implementation they experience it on a daily basis. Service users can be viewed as experts by experience and as such their views and opinions are invaluable assets in the planning and delivery of adult social care services.All the service users who participated in the consultation live in their own homes and are in acknowledge of free personal care and thus have firsthand experience of the impact of the policy and are also in a good position as (service users) to share their perspectives on how adult care and support services can be further developed to meet future needs. After initial meetings with my Link Worker and the other members of staff during which the purpose of the consultation was discussed and ethical issues looked at, I spoke w ith service users individualistly (with the assistance of three members of staff) in the day centre. I discussed the purpose of the consultation, took the names of those who indicated their willingness to participate, and conscious them about the consent form to be made available in the beginning the focus group, as well as negotiated a suitable time and date. My placement agency being a day care centre which the service users attend on a daily basis, what I did was to raise up in coifion about the time, aims and date of the consultation on the bank note board in the dining room as well as the one in the activity room from about two weeks before the date of the focus group. One of the reasons I did this was so that service users are constantly reminded of the date and details of the consultation.In relation to user involvement, as Ross et al. (2005) points out, there is no single blue print for user involvement as it calls for working(a) with a diversity of perspectives. Importa ntly, as an emerging social worker who firmly reckons in the principles of anti-oppressive practice or what Thompson and Thompson (2001) termed empowering practice I wanted an approach that would foster service user inte placidity, and support their fitting as much as possible in the consultation. I refractory to use Beresfords (2002) democratic simulation of user involvement as against the consumerist model because it is much more in line with the purpose of the consultation itself speech about change through collective action as well as to give service users more say and control in decisions that affect their lives. In applying the democratic model of user involvement for instance, I encouraged open participation in the focus group. I did not select a particular service user to participate in the focus group tidings, rather what I did was to encourage everyone to participate and the response was very positive as twelve out of thirteen service users participated in the focus group discussion. Two of the participants in the focus group had special needs visual and hear impairment respectively. I arranged with one of the three members of staff who co-facilitated the focus group to work the two service users using individual work sheets to record their views and opinions. I provided separately participant with a copy of the aims of the consultation, as well as a copy of the agenda for the focus group discussion. I also used one of the pre-focus group meetings that I had with the service users to encourage their involvement for instance one of the service users asked me if I would like them to tell me exclusively what I wanted to hear during the focus group discussion and I told the service user that I was not looking for them to tell me only what I would like to hear, rather they should express their opinions and perspectives on the issues we were going to discuss. I believe such an approach to user involvement is important for increasing the potency of participants in the focus group.Data collecting I used a qualitative rather than a quantitative method of information collection for the project and this was mainly informed by a consideration of what Becker and Bryman (2004) termed the main concerns and preoccupations of the qualitative method actors (for example service users), meanings and descriptions, as well as an emphasis on flexibility, process and context. The main qualitative method I used was the facilitation of a focus group with the service users in my placement agency as participants. I used a focus group approach to gather data from the service users because it generates data in a narrative rather numerical form. It was also very important for the data collection method to be flexible and take account of the mess of the data subjects in this case the service users are elderly people with dementia or a cognitive impairment and it was very important to put this into consideration. The focus group approach was the most suitable method because it provided a forum within which the service users could discuss important aspects of a policy which directly affects them, and their views on the future of adult social care services is very useful because they are important stakeholders. If we also look at it from the point of view of service user empowerment and anti-oppressive practice, the focus group approach also gives the service users control as they are able to share and discuss their experiences and the interaction amongst the different participants would generate a lot of data as well as being useful and enjoyable. Other sources of data used in the project include government policy and legislative documents, literature review, as well as publications/evidence reviews from automatic groups/organisations such as Age Concern Scotland and the John Rowntree Foundation. ethical and effective practice As part of the consideration of the ethical aspects of my work with the service users who part icipated in the focus group which I facilitated in the trail of carrying out this project, some of the things I did include encouraging participation was voluntary and that consent was obtained from all the service users who concord to participate in the focus group. I provided each service user with a consent form which they signed as evidence that they consented voluntarily and that they had the right to withdraw their participation at anytime. I also made sure none of the service users was intentionally or indirectly excluded from participating in the focus group (as mentioned earlier), or disadvantaged.As mentioned earlier, I two of the participants in the focus group had special needs one was visually impaired but not blind while the other was hearing impaired and used hearing aids. Some of the things I did to enable their participation in the focus group for instance includes providing written information in large print format as well as making arrangements for one of the c o-facilitators to work with them. I also ensured that they were able to take part in the discussion for example, intercommunicate them politely for their opinions while also making sure (given group dynamics) that the discussion was not being dominated by only those who could actively discuss. give way Three Assessing the Impact on Users and other Key StakeholdersSeveral participants in the focus group revealed that the free personal care policy has been of help to them and has enabled them to remain at home rather than moving into residential care. close to all the participants agreed that personal care should remain free. However, there were strong responses from some of the participants in relation to responsibility for paying for personal care one participant was very strong on his position that the family should be responsible for paying for personal care, another argued that while he was not against the idea of the family taking responsibility for paying for personal care, h e was being considerate of those who did not have a family or who simply could not afford it because they had very limited or no means at all. The participant with the latter argument suggested that older people should be means tested for the receipt of free personal care. Another participant also argued that older people should continue to receive free personal care because they had spent their working years paying taxes and national insurance and should therefore be taken care of by the state. All participants in the focus group emphasized the important role of informal care and the support they receive from their family members, only one of the participants revealed that she would prefer to go into residential care her reason being that she lives alone in her home and would feel safer in residential care. Several participants state they would prefer to remain in their own homes for as long as possible and free personal care has been contributory to making this possible.There is a strong suggestion from the government documents consulted for this project and publications from key organisations such as the John Rowntree Foundation, that the free personal care policy has been very successful as confirmed also by the participants in the focus group for this project. However, there is also a strong tone of concern (in most of the government publications and evidence reviews) opposite number the financial implications of the policy given the projected growth in the number of older people by the year 2032. For example, if we look at housing, a greater proportion of older people receiving care at home would perhaps increase the demand for housing and housing related services (Scottish Executive 2010). Age Concern Scotland (2009) noted with concern that much of Scotlands housing stock is not easily adapted for someone with mobility problems, and with the balance of care increasingly shifting towards care at home (with free personal care and personalisation as pot ent drivers) there are implications for local services and the design of communities in the future.Most of the participants in the focus group were diagnosed with an early onset of dementia meaning their dementia has not reached an advanced introduce and so do not lack capacity. One impact of free personal care for this group of service users is that it has given them choice they can engage to receive care at home or take up residential care. Nearly all the participants expressed preference for care at home, increased support, choice and flexibility for their family and informal carers, as well as support to keep them (person with dementia) in their own home for as long as possible even during advanced stages of dementia. Participants also said they would like to see more choice and control some of the participants expressed disappointment in the fact that while they are often consulted with about their opinions, some of the important things they need are not provided. The servi ce users would like to be more involved in decision making as one of the participants in the focus group said I can tell you a problem that is niggling me and close to my heart and you can go away and promise to do something about it without doing it. Generally, the participants in the focus group appeared to be more concerned about the quality of the services they receive than the cost or who pays for it. The participants all said they wanted services that are reliable as well as responsive to their individual and changing needs.Two of the participants with other disabilities visual and hearing impairment respectively, also agreed that while the free personal care policy has added to the financial resources at their disposal, they allay feel they have a number of unmet needs. For example, they mentioned shipping and being able to go on social outings, cleaning their homes as well as taking care of their garden as some of their needs which remain unmet. They also appear to have a holistic view of what free personal care entails they believe it covers all aspects of care for older people. These two participants also noted that while the free personal care policy has enabled them to receive care at home, it is likely that as their conditions deteriorate they may still have to go into residential care and this may perhaps be the case for the larger proportion of older people with disabilities.In price of the wider implications of the free personal care policy, one of main objectives of the reshaping care programme (Scottish Executive 2010) for which this project is based overall, as I mentioned earlier is a shift in focus from crisis response to contraceptive approaches, Scottish Executive (2010). This renewed emphasis on preventative and early intervention approaches by the Scottish government Dickinson et al. (2007) believe would be helped as free personal care may make older people more willing to contact their respective local authorities and thus provide some scope for early intervention and preventative work.As we can infer from the findings and evidence from research presented in this report thus far, the provision of free personal care is just one aspect of the overall picture of services and support for older people in Scotland. There are (as discussed earlier) significant implications for other key areas of public policy including housing, transport, pensions as well as employment.Part Four critical AnalysisThe introduction of the policy of free personal care in Scotland as Ferguson (2005) puts it, marks the beginning of policy divergence between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom. Fergusons assertion also echoes Mooney and Wrights (2009) account of the difference in the way the four nations which constitute the United Kingdom view, experience and organise policy responses to their social problems. The policy has been largely welcomed and viewed by various stakeholders as part of a Scottish solution to Scottish probl ems. Drakes (2001) assertion that social policies are not created in a vacuum but are head by set, principles and objectives is perhaps useful here when we look at the overarching principles and determine which underlie the policy of free personal care. For example, Scoot and Mooney (2009) posit that the publicity of shared citizenship and social justice, as well as the alleviation of the effectuate of economic inequality are some of the essential principles of the policy. While these principles and values were never quite in doubt in relation to what the policy stands for, one of the points raised during consultation (in the focus group with participants from my placement agency) and as stated by the Care Development Group (2001) is the issue of equity of access for different user groups in this case for example, service users with dementia. According to the Care Development Group, free personal care is right in principle because it removes the discrimination previously encoun tered by older people with chronic or degenerative conditions such as dementia who require personal care.The findings in this project are critically analysed (in this section of the paper) in relation to the specific topics covered in the focus group. The three topics are responsibility for paying for care, the preferred type of care, and planning for the future.Responsibility for paying for care As I mentioned in previous sections of this paper, participants in the focus group expressed mixed views concerning responsibility for paying for personal care. Although most participants agreed that personal care should be provided for older people and paid for by the government, there were some participants who held very strong opposing views and argued that the family should either pay for personal care or at least make some financial contribution (co-payment) towards it. Another participant also suggested the introduction of means-testing to the policy so that only older people with lim ited means receive free personal care. Overall, participants in the focus group discussion did not appear to be too concerned about the cost or who pays for personal care. The participants revealed that they were more concerned about the quality of the services they receive, ensuring that such services meet their individual needs and are able to remain in their own homes for as long as possible and spend time with their families. Sutherland (2008) reminds us that while free personal care is presently available to older people at the point of delivery, someone still had to pay for it presently the taxpayer.On the question of who should be responsible for paying for personal care, findings from the focus group fall under two across-the-board categories selective access and universal provision. Both categories perhaps raise a number of interrelated issues including rights, citizenship, choice, empowerment, as well as the redistribution of welfare resources which according to Hills ( 2008) is central to the appraisal of social policy. If we apply Drakes (2001) conception of the function of rights to the above findings from the focus group, most participants view free personal care as something they have a right to (as older Scots who had spent their working lives serving the country in different ways) receive and it confers certain benefits on them choice and empowerment particularly as they can now choose whether to receive care at home or move into residential care as one participant even revealed at least I will not have to sell my house to pay for my personal care. While it was evident from the focus group as I mentioned earlier, that service users had a holistic view of what free personal care entails, some of them were also not aware of or perhaps considered the wider implications of the cost of the policy for example the implications for housing as I also discussed earlier. The cost of the policy in the longer term has been highlighted in worrying terms by many writers and commentators on social policy, as well as the by Scottish government. Considered against the backdrop of Scotlands changing demographics, evidence from the literature consulted for this project suggests that the policy may not be sustainable in the long term. For example, in an independent report on the free personal care policy by Lord Sutherland (2008) it was argues that a more holistic view of public funding arrangement would be required because the policy is only sustainable (under the current arrangement) over the next five years after which the impact of a rapid increase in the number of older people and demographic change will begin to set in. The question then arises why was the financial implication of the policy not powerfully considered before the machinery of implementation was set in motion? There are a number of arguments emanating from several of the literature consulted for this project in relation to the financial cost of the policy and there are suggestions as I highlighted earlier, that costing the policy has been inadequate and that the policy had more of a political aim (Sutherland 2001 Eccles 2001).Blair (2002) posits that social policy plays a pivotal role in the construction of later life itself. Blairs argument that older people are often discussed and defined in reports through the psychological distance of demography, shortfall and economics (Blair 2002) is evident in most of the reports and evidence reviews consulted for this project thus beclouding the reality that many older people are already doing well for themselves without or with very little state support as one of the participants in the focus group discussion said we are already doing enough to take care of ourselves but what is wrong with receiving free personal care, have we not worked for it?The preferred type of care As I reported in previous sections of this paper, only one of the participants in the focus group said she would prefer to move into a residential home. She cited revere and insecurity when her health deteriorates as the main reason for her choice of residential care. As is already well documented in research (Dickinson et al. 2007) older service users would prefer to stay out of the formal system of care for as long as possible given the choice. Although participants in t

Benefits of Thermo-chemical Networks

Benefits of Thermo-chemical Ne tworksApplication cases and economic benefits of thermo-chemical engagementsABSTRACTThermo-chemical likely of absorption and desorption has high likely to capture and use residual erupt at low temperature ranges. callable to loss-free transport and re gear up of the captured goose egg potential, long- hold transport and medium-term stock vortex interesting potentials to utilize residual heat. Therefore, the aim of the EU H2020 project H-DisNet is to split up meshworks similar to district estrus networks using thermo-chemical fluids (TCF) kind of of water. The paper ordain give an introduction to the engineering that rear provide estrus, engine cooling system and wrying go in one network and discuss its economics.First, use cases describe shining application scenarios. Requirements atomic number 18 derived from the use cases, first, for the novel technology and, second, the application situations, i.e. the buildings or industrial processes, in which the services be applied. This includes temperature and humidity requirements as puff up as further conditions of a useful application. Depending on the services requirements, features of the thermo-chemical technology, such(prenominal) as the use TCF, impart be determined so that the thermo-chemical technology is able to satisfy the service requirements. Operation modes result be presented the show, how in specific use cases the technology would work. An outline of the operation of a network allow for be presented.Second, for an economic assessment, conventional existing resolvents for the services, for which thermo-chemical technology is proposed, will be described. These conventional technologies form the background for an economic comparison. The aim of the economic comparison is to show the benefits of the thermo-chemical technology for the key stakeholders affect in such a network. The aim is to provide evidence that the thermo-chemical network tech nology is marketable. unveilingNowadays, an forever increasing attention has been placed on reducing the elan vital consumption apply for heating, cooling and drying with a resulting abatement in the carbon dioxide production. As a matter of fact, a massive quantity of fossil fuel is used as primary nix source for air-conditioning and industrial operations causing a constant conversion to C02 that is swiftly acclivitous and expediting the global climate change. It has been calculated that the animation depleted for heating and cooling of buildings (residential or in the service sector) and industrial processes accounts for 50% of the EUs annual faculty consumption 1. This is roughlyly due to the fact that al some half of the EUs buildings are old and lack in faculty, re raw(a)able energy is narrowly used in these sectors and a huge amount of heat produced by industrial processes is dissipated into the atmosphere or into water, missing the fortune for its reco very.Throug h the victimisation of an optimized, more efficient and less greet-consuming use of the energy sources, it will be possible to achieve a decrease in the energy imports, bearing a diminution in the cost and, at the same time, an environmental benefit, delineated by a decrement in the emission of greenhouse gases. regularise heating is one of the possible technologies in the direction of this purpose because it outstandingly concurs to a better use of the energy sources, particularly the renewable energies. Nevertheless, this technology presents several drawbacks, such as the temperature required that so-and-so preclude the utilization of some technologies that work with lower temperatures, the remarkable heat losses occurring during the conveyancing in pipelines and the need for integration with memory systems in pasture to obtain the match betwixt the demand and the sources in time and location.Therefore, this paper will be addressed to the description of Intelligent Hyb rid Thermo-Chemical dominion Networks, an modern type of district network based on the employment of thermo-chemical fluids (TCFs) instead of water as energy warelodging medium. Through this technology it will be feasible to obtain an energy-efficient forgeation of the resources, particularly the unemployed inferior industrial heat and thermal renewable, leading to the achievement of a sustainable energy system. Moreover, by the usage of liquid desiccant as TCF in order to obtain a loss-free long-distance transport and a medium-term storage it will be possible to obtain significant cost reductions, fashioning this technology absolutely interesting for citizens, workers and industry.The paper starts in Section 2 with a description of the liquid desiccant technology in order to understand the ability of this system for heating and cooling applications. Section 3 reports the characteristics and the main advantages arising from the integration of the TCF with the district network. Section 4 detects the possible business sector models interest in the utilization of the Hybrid District Network. The last two section of the paper address the subject from an economic acme of view, identifying the cost factors for this kind of system (Section 5) and the associated economic savings related to the dissimilar applications (Section 6). fluid DESICCANT TECHNOLOGYThe current research on Hybrid District Networks is related to the requirement of obtaining a district network which allows the connection with consumers at a greater distance, such as for the heating and cooling of residential and service buildings that are usually located far from industrial plants.In fact, the temperature level of waste heat and renewable energy is generally as well low, bringing to high volumes that are responsible for increased energy leaks and higher costs, related to a higher expense for the pipelines. In this direction, it has to be seen the always growing interest in absorption an d reversible thermo-chemical processes for district heating.The unopen district network system is a well-developed technology that employs absorption heat pumps and chillers to supply heating and cooling for residential and service buildings (REPETITION). However, this technology does non allow to profit from industrial waste energy or renewable energy that are located in a remote position respect to the service, besides not allowing a time shift between the source and the demand side.For this reason, an innovative open system district heating system, based on the employment of liquid desiccant as the thermo-chemical conveyer belt of energy, which allows to split the variation and absorption side and to locate them in varied places, is under study.Desiccant-based TCFs have the potential to provide simultaneous and multiple on-the-spot(prenominal) functions and services, such as heating, cooling, de/re-humidification, energy storage and energy transport. Liquid desiccants pink the hygroscopic properties of a salt (MgCl2, CaCl2, LiBr, LiCl etc.) solution for the removal of the wet from the close outdoor air, until the attainment of a situation of sense of balance of its vaporisation drag with that of the incoming air. For this reason, the dehumidification capacity of the desiccant can be evaluated through its equilibrium vapour pressure.For example, an industrial process waste-heat goaded air-conditioning system is shown in Fig.X in a counter-flow packed bed configuration.FIG.The strong TCF-solution (i.e. TCF-rich relative to water), typically a desiccant, is sprayed at the top of the absorber, ambient air (or gas) enters the absorber at the bottom and transfers its moisture to the TCF. As some heat is liberated, the TCF solution temperature rises and hence the solution vapour pressure. The heat exchange process typically takes place over a packed bed/spray tower or gravity driven wetted wall column designed with the minimum pressure drop (Jain et al. , 2007) with output humidity controlled by the temperature and concentration of the TCF solution. The dehumidified air exits at the top of the absorber and can be used to meet plant specific energy demands. The agile but now diluted TCF solution leaves the bottom of the absorber and it is handle for regeneration. The regeneration process has typically the same configuration as the absorber and it is driven by the incoming industrial process waste heat gas watercourse the now diluted TCF is sprayed over this stream and water in the TCF solution evaporates, reducing the gas temperature and increasing its humidity. The now strong TCF solution is pumped back to the absorber to restart the air-conditioning process.Industrial manufacturing plants typically have multiple demands for energy in their locality the previously described system can exploit the low-grade process waste heat to supplement (or even replace) local demands (1) Industrial Drying, because the ambient air (or other gases) can be arid and then cooled for utilisation elsewhere on site (2) Heating and/or Humidification, since the ambient air is heated as it passes through the absorber, which yields a lukewarm and more humid gas stream that can be used locally with corresponding savings in energy demands (3) Cooling, by utilising the dry air as the an input into an evaporative cooling system, an additional re-humidification breaker point can be used to produce a cooling arrange and thus to supplement local air-conditioning loads and (4) Loss-Free Energy Storage, since through the change of heat to TCF potential is possible to transport and store heat and TCF potential into the hybrid district network with almost total lack of energy loss. As there is significant potential for thermal energy storage thus meeting/offsetting hourly, daily and seasonal energy supply/demand.THERMO-CHEMICAL web TECHNOLOGYThe aim of a Hybrid Thermo-Chemical District Network is to stretch the use of district networ ks through the realization of a multifunctional optimized system, able to concurrently fulfill heating, cooling and drying operations and also to be integrated with already existing thermal district networks, leading to the achievement of a more sustainable process.Through the recovery of industrial waste heat and the evolution of low temperature energy sources (e.g. renewables, such as solar thermal or geothermal) is possible to obtain via the regeneration process a TCF with high energy in the state of TCF-concentrate that is used as a thermo-chemical energy storage medium. This is one of the peculiar advantages of the innovative district network because the thermo-chemical energy storage in the concentrate liquid desiccant is roughly losses, offering the opportunity to enhance the storage term between hours and days, which enables to fill the mismatch in the schedule between available heat and demand, to heighten the transport distance of the heat, that can be long up to 50 km X with pipelines characterised by a reduced or absent insulation with a resulting reduction in costs.This feature, together with the increased energy density of the TCF-concentrated (higher than the water, employed in the conventional district heating system) will lead to the obtaining of a very promising system from an economic point of view. Moreover, the characteristics of transport and cheapness of this fashionable technology enable to serve also the regions with lower heat demand.another(prenominal) advantage is that the salts used in the solution as liquid desiccants in an open district network system (MgCl2, MgSO4, CaCl2, LiBr, LiCl, Ca(NO3)2, TEG) are in most of the cases cheap and, for the characteristics of open system, they have to be as much as possible non-toxic and environmental harmless. Particularly, the MgCl2 (produced as by-product from sea-water processing) and the CaCl2 (produced from industrial processes) result to be extremely cheap and hence economically viabl e.The environmental benefit refer by the reduction in the primary energy consumption and in the CO2 production is another key property of this system. Furthermore, the simpler pipeline infrastructure, which is characterised by the utilization of recyclable plastic pipes without any anti-frost protection, will allow to importantly reduce the exploitation of raw materials.Lastly, the liquid desiccants present hygiene properties that can ensure humidity control of the process air, leading to an amelioration of the interior(prenominal) comfort and forestalling the maturation of mould fungus.ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF crisscross DISTRICT NETWORKSThe attainment of benefits in terms of financial, technological and environmental features are the main conditions for the spread of the thermo-chemical district network. The aim is to achieve profitability and efficiency for both suppliers and consumers, converting costs into revenues.The implementation of this strategy could lead several benef its to different classes (1) Citizens could profit from a monthly and yearly cost reduction for energy-effective heating and cooling calculated to be ranging from 1500-2000 to 300-500 X, simultaneously achieving a better indoor comfort, ensured by the humidity control of the thermo-chemical system. Moreover, this could lead to a greater stabilization of the energy costs, because the network is mostly based on the usage of renewable energies, which cost is more predictable respect to fossil fuels, characterised by a highly volatile price. (2) Industry could also be enormously interested in the employment of district thermo-chemical networks to extent of reducing its energy costs by 4-10% with investments characterised by a payback period lower than 5 years X and of obtaining a sustainable process, able to decrease its energy consumption. Concurrently, this technology could lead to a more environmental harmless process with reductions in the CO2 and air pollution, contributing to a significant improvement in the related health problems.In order to estimate the economic potential of the technology an analysis based on the study of business cases involved on the employment of waste heat has been taken as the point of reference x. The main four identified sectors are (1) Built purlieu transaction To Customer (B2C) for this business model, the customer base are new buildings and offices together with the renewal of utility buildings (mostly property of the municipalities), apartments (usually possessed by housing corporations) and offices. Another possibility is the utilization of TCFs into an already existing hybrid network in order to improve its energy efficiency. Municipalities and housing corporations have a fundamental role in this business model because in most of the cases they have a previously established relationship with the formerly delimitate customers. To extent of achieving the success of the project is indispensable that both of the parts, pub lic companionship and individuals, have an interest in saving energy and this is ensured by an equal split of the profit between the parts. (2) Built Environment Business To Business (B2B)