Gender Studies :: essays research papers

Gender StudiesMy decision to take the extracts from literary discourse to illustrate the differences between the manful and female manner of compose was dictated by the fact that it is more interesting to search for such(prenominal) differences in this very discourse, then in scientific or newspaper, where at that place are grim rules of how to write (non-personal narration, non-emotiveness, usage of terms laconic phrases, etc.)In literary discourse iodin may write whatever one wishes.(Jane Austen. Pride Prejudice)After a week spent in professions of come and schemes of felicity, Mr Collins was called from his amiable Charlotte by the arrival of Saturday. The pain of separation, might be alleviated on his side, by preparations for the reception of his bride as he had occasion to hope, that shortly after his next return into the Hertfordshire, the day would be better that was to make him the happiest of men. He took leave of his relations at Longbourn with as much(prenominal ) solemnity as before wished his fair cousins health and happiness again, and promised their puzzle another letter for thanks.(F. Scott Fitzgelald. Tender is the Night)Rosemary had another dinner date, a birthday party for a member of the company. Dick ran into a Collis remains in the lobby, but he wanted to dine alone and off-key an engagement at the Excelsior. He drank a cocktail with Collis and his vague dissatisfaction crystallized as impatience he no longer had an excuse for playing truant to the clinic. This was less an infatuation than a romantic memory. Nicole was his girl too often he was sick at heart about her, yet she was his girl. judgment of conviction with Rosemary was self-indulgence time with Collis was nothing plus nothing.Already from the structure of the passage it is visible which passage was written by a cleaning lady and which by a man. Austen writes the events without any consequence, together with her thoughts and comments, whereas Fitzgerald, by co ntrast, enumerates the events in strict consecutive order. In addition, Austen uses more emotional and subjective adjectives to describe battalion and their state.It was counted that the female author uses verbs almost half less then the male author does (713).In the domain of punctuation, the gender differences are the most transparent Jane Austen tends to the idiosyncratic usage of semi-columns she does not use dashes in the given passage, whereas F. Scott Fitzgelald uses trine dashes (as the indicator of reason-result understanding of events &1645he prefers to explain the human appearance using a dash) and not a single semi-column.

Mark Edmundson’s Critique

Critique Our Views of Online Education In Mark Edmundsons expression discussing online education, he makes many valid points almost an online education short comings. His reaction, however, is establish solely on traditional education and is limited to such online study. He focuses primarily on savant instructor interaction and oftentimes states how such communication roll in the haynot be factored into online conformations. He argues that a large lecture bank line with bet to face spot and student teacher dialogue benefits the student more opposed to online courses with contrasting features.While this is valid, Edmundson does not consider that these issues can be worked around and that there argon many pros to online education as swell up. Edmundsons passage states teacher-student interaction is vital in accommodateing an education. This particular form of contact has proven to keep students engaged in the learning process. Also, teacher-student interaction allows for t eachers to varan each individual students progressions and shortcomings throughout the course of study.In Edmundsons bind, he states that teachers should make it necessary to learn who their students are and adapt to their ways of learning as well as helping them grow. I strongly agree with this point of view. galore(postnominal) times, students who are having a hard time grasping studies find themselves fair bashful or embarrassed and become hesitant to speak up. This causes them to be outshined by differents who may be more vocal and grasp the development quicker. Having that teacher-student connection with online education is extremely vital. Since youre not studying in a traditional classroom, youll also miss having face time with early(a) students.This can deprive you of important networking opportunities for your future career, as well as rudimentary social interaction. The article states that Edmundson is adamant that in order for students to excel and obtain inform ation, a teacher should be adaptive to their students learning style. Having real keep courses are extremely helpful in this case. Individuals who are more halcyon with one on one gratifyings should totally be allotted the woof of having a professor on hand to call on and meet with. Also, students who adapt more to group learning need real courses as well.Having course mates and interacting in open course discussions are swell examples of the benefits of teacher-student interaction. It is also proven that students can in fact, teach teachers. Open course discussions are the perfect time to share. When studying an appointed topic, some students go above and beyond the requirements and obtain additional knowledge that the teacher or students may or may not know. Edmundson makes several valid points about being opposed to online education. He speaks volumes about the pros of choosing a traditional, face to face education.In some ways, I agree with his argument that not having that interaction amongst the teacher and student kills the students chance of receiving fair education. However, I disagree with some other things he stated. What Edmundson fails to consider is the mere fact that online teachers carry the same capabilities as traditional teachers. Students progress can still be monitored, test and other assignments can still be administered and in the end, grades will still be obtained. Although there is no physical connection, the online teacher can still hap and work online with their students via-email and lectures.The downside of email communication is that delay time in an execute being received. There are some online schools which hand over courses with virtual lectures or conference lectures which give an overall classroom feeling where there is dialogue. In my opinion, online college instructors gain access to students that is at least equal to the access to students of those instructors who are teaching courses in traditional colleges. Onlin e colleges also military service as an utility(a) for some aspiring students who cannot attend traditional colleges.These may be students who earn encountered hardships that eliminate their option to attend a traditional school. Online schools may, in this case, serve as an alternative online college may be more convenient. Aspiring students desire to pursue or further their education may be disguised up in day to day chaos that enables them to reach a campus and online courses just may fit with their busy schedules. In some cases, lose of transportation may be a rendering factor as well. Another riveting factor may be monetary situations online colleges may have courses that are more affordable than those of a traditional university.Edmundsons article was captivating and indeed informative. He metaphorically spoke of a teacher being taught by a student which caught my attention. Had that teacher ever been that student? Its a cycle that Im sure will not end. A form is in fact the goal. Whether its online schools or real life a spot is sought. Teachers and students, in my opinion, should at some point in time have some sort of physical communication but that is not that a vital source of learning. If an education is sought it can be obtained regardless of any physical contact. The source of education ultimately depends on the students sit and initiative.

Personal Framework Essay

In spite of the florilegium of approaches and therapeutic paradigms, available to professional psychologists and counselors, they often tend to prioritize hotshot or two frameworks as personal ones. The present paper discusses the end of 67-year-old widow, suffering from grief and struggling with the challenges of solitude. For instance, if the professional, responsible for administering and planning therapies relies mainly on psychodynamic psychotherapy, is believably to focus on the charwomans unconscious motivations and attitudes.The recently widowed woman will attend sessions once or double a week in case she is relatively stable emotionally and discuss her dreams, spontaneous thoughts and informations. Given that psychodynamic approach is based heavily upon Freudian personality structure, the medical specialist is more than likely to focus on the womans relationship with her keep up so that she can resolve the cozy conflict and eliminate her survivors guilt (Boylan, M ally &type A Reilly, 2001, p. 68).Psychodynamic therapist will also discuss the womans early eld in order to obtain out the actual destructive patterns in her attitudes and behavior and gradually remove them by explaining and elucidating the causes of her current state. If the woman suffers from subacute and pervasive emotional states, the follower of schema therapy will search for the ostracise maladaptive pattern, which creates obstructions to accepting the loss of the collaborator (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003, p. 11).Schemas are comprised of memories, emotions, cognitions, and bodily sensations regarding oneself and ones relationships with others and are developed during childhood or adolescence (Young, Klosko & Weishaar, 2003, p. 7). After learning the patients history, the therapist is likely to find a pattern of strong fear of loneliness or a similar destructive schema. Taking into consideration the womans temperament, the specialist will restructure this fear b y teaching self-sufficiency and steering her attention on the positive psychoemotional and sensational patterns, associated with the content with heart (e. . entertainment of breathing fresh air, eating, playing with grandchildren and so forth). The follower of solution-focused perspective is likely to begin with the so-called miracle question in order to determine the aspects of life (emotions, experiences) the woman lacks (Boylan, Mally & Reilly, 2001, p. 34). The woman will need to imagine her spouse has returned and define the first signs of the miracle, her actions, intents and feelings.Furthermore, the counselor asks questions to identify the patients strengths, skills, talents and abilities and begins to set ahead her by phrases like I understand your hardships, but I am really amazed by the fact that you are act as an assertive person and manage to put all your decisions to practice. session by session, the specialist gradually orients the patient to using her strong est points and abilities like unfavorable thinking, determination or proficiency in certain activities and areas.Cognitive behavioral therapist is likely to employ the ABC model of psychological salmagundi and establish the relationship between the activating event (the loss of the husband), wrongful and faulty beliefs and consequences (Boylan, Mally & Reilly, 2001, p. 38). For instance, the woman might believe she is helpless without her husband or that nobody needs her any longer as she has muddled her spouse. Further, the therapist is likely to challenge her wrongful beliefs for the purpose of cognitive restructuring, so the patient will soon conclude that her life continues and act more constructively.This manipulation approach implies a number of assignments including behavior change plans, emotions and cognition diaries, so the patient will also develop greater self-awareness and frequently better understand her thoughts, expectations, beliefs and intents. As one can conclude, although different treatment perspectives imply dissimilar methods of influence, they actually pursue similar goals, which necessarily embroil normalization of the persons physical and spiritual well-being as well as social functioning.

C.S. Lewis’ Reflections on the Psalms

Clive Staples (C.S.) Lewis, best cognize for his slew of fantasy novels, Chronicles of Narnia, is undoubtedly one of the virtually popular and controersial Christian writers. His unabashed use of Christian mythology and concepts in his literary whole caboodle reflected the impact of his con rendering late in life, though his background and have-to doe with in folklore and the occultist homosexualage to shine by center of his texts time and again.In some(prenominal) case, it would be improper and an insult to consider Lewis a disembowel of the hoagie Christian writer, whose literary products are expected to subscribe to the doctrines of the religion. Though utilize and a staunch believer, Lewis intellectual hold up on the religion and its implications run against the grain of common Christian literature. It is, therefore, imperative to soak up Lewis u warble this honk of mind, particularly in understanding his post-conversion belles-lettres.One must also germinate into consideration that Lewis unorthodox view of Christian teachings though decidedly collateral and faithful often elicits much controversy from various parties. Being an Anglican Christian, his writings are often condemned for their perceived attack on universality and Judaism. It is with this view identify that most literary analysts and critiques pillory Lewis most controversial non-fiction Christian tome, Reflections on the psalm.The restrain is the result of Lewis instruction of the concur of sing in the Bible, and the result of his preaching is non as easily acceptable for most readers. It is the culmination of both(prenominal) his Christian background and a genuine delight in the apparent contradiction that faith and religiosity can be the breeding ground for the worst forms of violence and anger.This study posits that C.S. Lewis Reflections on the sing is a misunderstood body of work that may non be a perfect watchword of the word of honor of Psalms but does co mprise the occasionally valid theological theories of the author himself. Though it will be necessary to compare Lewis theological musings to the writings of his peers, one must take into consideration the fact that the concord is essentially an encapsulation of Lewis own musings and comprehension of the Book of Psalms without proselytizing or try outing any religious influence over any reader.To prove this thesis, the study shall begin with a brief discussion of the contents of the book, primarily with regards to Lewis interests and understanding of the Book of Psalms. Second, the study shall discuss the similarities and differences of Reflections on the Psalms as compared to other(a) books or articles of similar vein. Third, the study shall seek to understand the value of Lewis tome through its int eat uped audience and the message he wished to deliver to his readers.Lastly, the study shall present an in-depth review of the strengths and weaknesses of the book, primarily throug h proper(postnominal) quotations from the text. Only then can a valid judgment of the book be achieved. It would, of course, also be a reliable standard through which the merit and validity of continued patronage for Lewis little known tome on the Psalms may be measured.First of all, what exactly is Reflections on the Psalms closely? In a nutshell, Lewis reads the Book of Psalms and finds both jubilate and fear in his readings. He is alternately ecstatic and appalled by the combination of valuate and vitriolic anger found in this gray-haired Testament book, citing some areas as aberrations when taken against the standards of the Christian world.In the motion of reviewing the Book of Psalms, however, Lewis unleashes some seriously controversial lines, such as the swearword of Jews as worst than pagans in their vindictiveness and anger1. Despite his negative pronouncements about the Jews and their violent indignation, Lewis book also looks into the nucleus of praise and what i t means to man.The Book of Psalms is essentially a collection of prayer songs. These songs are alter with praise for god in the same way that man would sing praises of anything or anyone he cares about. This concept is non lost on Lewis, who directly dedicates a moving chapter to the power of praise. Lewis presents a different point of view in the sense that he urges readers non to fall for the theological bank and technicalities that essentially make the reading of the Bible tedious and faculty member.Rather, his main point in writing Reflections on the Psalms is to emphasize the love that drives man to sing praises to a higher power and a greater being. It is this essence of the Book of Psalms that Lewis focuses upon, emphasizing the unique rapturous sensation that fuels the Psalmists songs of praise for God, even in all their imperfect glory.Lewis book on the Psalms, of course, is not the first or last one in the literary world. Arthur Weisers The Psalms a Commentary, for example, is a straightforward commentary on the writings in the Book of Psalms. Without essentially dissecting the concepts within the book, Weiser presents a modern discussion of the Psalms in a manner similar to a literary addendum his book is explanatory of the book in the context of narrative quite than straight theology.The result is more of an donnish verse by verse explanation of the Book of Psalms. For example, the book attempts to find a correlational statistics between the promised power of the Israelite king and the known history of Israel. In doing so, Weiser likens the kings of Israel to the formula of Egypt, explaining the psalmists faith as a product of the historical incoming to an unseen God prominent in the area during that period.2On the other hand, J.M. Smiths The Religion of the Psalms is more focused on the significance of the Book of Psalms with regards to its effects on morality in the Jewish sphere.3 How did the Book of Psalms influence the moral and honourable standards of the Jewish community?In essence, it is less(prenominal) a theological discussion (as in Lewis Reflections on the Psalms) or a historical study (as in Weisers The Psalms a Commentary) and more of a study on the ethical dimensions and impact of the Psalms. What is most important to discuss, apart from the approach to the Book of Psalms, however, is the literary elbow room employed by Lewis. Both Weiser and Smith present a near clinical explanation of the Book of Psalms, fancying it completely academic in nature.With Lewis, however, the style of writing is entirely different. Though the content may be controversial, Lewis writing style undoubtedly produces beautiful, free flowing prose. veritable(a) in his damning critique of what he calls Jewish prison of self-righteousness, his wrangle never fail to contain a certain degree of program line that renders the reader speechless and enthralled.His use of imagery and metaphors a feature not found in other studi es and commentaries on the Book of Psalms alternately brings to life the peaceful, rapturous bliss of praise and the scathing fire-and-brimstone speeches of anger and vindictiveness. Lewis style leaves no room for doubt he indicts, judges and rhapsodizes about every(prenominal) nook and cranny of the Book of Psalms, thereby presenting a delightful and visually stimulating analysis of the Old Testaments ode to prayer.4It may be said that the style of writing itself speaks volumes about Lewis very message. His use of realistic prose and occasionally harsh, unforgiving words essentially show that the book is far-off from a theological dissertation that begs readership from scholars of the same field alone. Rather than an academic approach, Lewis has utilized a less formal yet no less insightful means to discuss his views of the Book of Psalms.As such, it may be surmised that the intended audience of the book are the masses lay state who cannot be presumed to know enough of the Bi bles scholarly and theological debates. Instead, the book is designed to appeal to and at the same time inform the ordinary people who wish to learn more of faith quite a than spend their hours reciting prescribed prayers.It is a discussion made entirely brotherly to ordinary people an exercise in proletariat education. It is not exactly an attempt to aid conversions or strengthen the proselytizing armies. More importantly, Lewis does not write directly for the Christian readers, either, despite his subject matter. Lewis intention is to black market people towards action, towards moral indignation against illicit and immoral activities.5In essence, the tail end audience is anyone who cares about moral uprightness, and the Book of Psalms becomes a means for Lewis to deliver across his point. Rather than a platform for theological proselytizing, the end of Lewis book emphasizes moral action rather than any actual concurrence with any church.6As mentioned earlier, Reflections on the Psalms is a book both loved and hated. First of all, its subject matter and brash approach render it quite prickly for many critics. One world-shattering weakness of the book is its blatant criticism against Jews that can easily be misunderstood as an attack on the Semitic community.For example, in explaining the vitriolic anger that populates part of the Book of Psalms, Lewis indicted the Psalmists (Jews, inevitably) for their hatred and the devilish and vulgar images graphically present in the psalms.7 Indeed, if Psalm 9, which speaks of blessings for people who violently bash the brains of Babylonian babies, is anything to go by, Lewis is not at all far-fetched or exaggerating.Despite the reality of Lewis accusations of violence and wanness in the Book of Psalms, this becomes a weakness of his book, particularly since it is viewed as a biased indictment of one race rather than an stainless reception to a literary piece. Moreover, since Lewis is incapable of reading the original Hebrew version of the Book of Psalms, this is easily a weakening of his rhetoric.Though essentially accurate in his reaction to the contents of the Book of Psalms, his admission that he is no reader of Hebrew becomes more of a problem rather than a mightily disclosure. While it does not entirely negate the validity of Lewis contentions (as reading from an English translation is also perfectly valid), it does become a spinal column on the authors side when issues of validity and objectivity arise. maybe in sharp contrast to this failed disclosure is Lewis admission that he is no theologian. Rather than become a weakness of the study, this becomes a very powerful tool in Lewis defense of his writings. As Lewis wrote, One is sometimes (not often) gladsome not to be a great theologian. One might so easily confuse it with being a good Christian.8 In essence, this provides Lewis with a very good defense with regards to the allegations that he is bias on purpose, with an obviou sly anti-Semitic bend.Lewis does not claim any moral favourable position in discussing the Psalms. The essence of Reflection on the Psalms, therefore, is a very own(prenominal) book written from Lewis own point of view and should not be taken as a tool for ethnic indictment or proselytizing.This concept is also highly related to the final and most significant strength of the book. Despite claims that the book is biased and subjective, the greatest power of Reflections on the Psalms is its raw, honest discussion of the power of praise. He wrote, The most worthy thing the Psalms do for me is to express that same delight in God which made David dance9.It is precisely this bliss that Lewis captures perfectly in his book, rendering it a bittersweet portrayal of human flaws and the love of God that continues to inspire even the most imperfect of humans to dance for gaiety and sing in bliss. Though he does present a rather negative depiction of the Jews in the early part of his book, h e acknowledges their flaws as human and present in everyone. It is their ability to connect, love and be go by the presence of God that makes them worth and even admirable in the eyes of Lewis.BIBLIOGRAPHYLewis on the Psalms, TIME Magazine, 22 September 1958 accessed on 5 May 2008available from http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863917,00.htmlLewis, C.S. Reflections on the Psalms. New York Harcourt, Brace & World, 1958Meilaender, Gilbert. Things That Count Essays Moral and Theological. Wilmington, DEISI Books, 2000Smith, J.M. The Religion of the Psalms. moolah University of Chicago Press, 1922 Weiser, Arthur. The Psalms A Commentary. Philadelphia Westminster Press, 1962 Wood, Ralph. Conflict and Convergence on essential Matters in C.S. Lewis and J.R.R.Tolkie1 Lewis on the Psalms, TIME Magazine, 22 September 1958 accessed on 5 May 2008 available from http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,863917,00.html 2 Arthur Weiser, The Psalms A Commentary, (Ph iladelphia Westminster Press, 1962) 111 3 J.M. Smith, The Religion of the Psalms, (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1922), v 4 Lewis on the Psalms, 1958 5 Ibid 6 Ibid 7 C.S. Lewis, Reflections on the Psalms, (New York Harcourt, Brace & World, 1958) 8 Ibid., p.57 9 Ibid., p.45

Personal protective equipment Essay

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTHazards exist in every employment in many different forms overhasty edges, falling objects, flying sparks, chemicals, encumbrance and a myriad of other potentially dangerous situations.Controlling a hazard at its source is the best way to comfort employees. Depending on the hazard or excogitateplace conditions, the use of engineering or movement practice controls to manage or eliminate hazards to the greatest extent possible.When take a leak practice and administrative controls argon not feasible or do not bring home the bacon sufficient security measure, employers must provide personal preventive equipment (PPE) to their employees and ensure its use. Personal treasureive equipment (PPE) refers to harborive clothing, helmets, gawp, or other garments or equipment intentional to protect the kick downstairsers body from injury and other hazards.The necessary for PPETo ensure the greatest possible security system for employees in the workplac e, the cooperative efforts of two employers and employees leave behind help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful work environment. In general, employers are responsible for Performing a hazard legal opinion of the workplace to identify and control corporal and health hazards. Identifying and providing appropriate PPE for employees. learning employees in the use and care of the PPE.Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or change PPE. Periodically reviewing, updating and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program.Employees should Properly wear PPE, Attend nurture sessions on PPE, Care for, clean and maintain PPE, and Inform a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE.The hazard assessment should bailiwick of the facility to develop a list of potential hazards in the by-line basic hazard categories Impact, Penetration, Compression (roll-over), Chemical, Heat/cold, Harmful dust, Light (optical) radiation, and Biologic.In addition to noting th e basic layout of the facility and reviewing any history of occupational illnesses or injuries, things to look for during the survey let in Sources of electricity. Sources of motion much(prenominal) as machines or processes where movement may exist that could result in an contact amongst personnel and equipment. Sources of game temperatures that could result in burns, bosom injuries or fire. Types of chemicals use in the workplace. Sources of harmful dusts. Sources of light radiation, such as welding, brazing, cutting, furnaces, modify treating, high intensity lights, etc. The potential for falling or dropping objects. crisply objects that could poke, cut, stab or puncture. Biologic hazards such as blood or other potentially infected material.Some of the roughly common types of eye and face security departmentinclude the following guard duty spectacles. These protective specs have safety frames constructed of metal or fictile and impact-resistant lenses. Side shields are available on some models. Goggles. These are tight-fitting eye protective covering that completely cover the eyes, eye sockets and the facial part immediately adjoin the eyes and provide vindication from impact, dust and splashes. Some goggles go away fit over corrective lenses. Welding shields.Constructed of vulcanized character or fibreglass and fitted with a filtered lens, welding shields protect eyes from burns ca apply by infrared or intense radiant light they also protect both the eyes and face from flying sparks, metal spatter and impurity chips produced during welding, brazing, soldering and cutting operations. Laser safety goggles. These specialty goggles protect against intense concentrations of light produced by lasers. The type of laser safety goggles an employer chooses will depend upon the equipment and operating conditions in the workplace. Face shields. These transparent sheets of plastic extend from the eyebrows to below the chin and across the entire width of the employees head.There are many types of hard hats available in the food market today. In addition to selecting protective headgear that meets standard requirements, employers should ensure that employees wear hard hats that provide appropriate protection against potential workplace hazards. It is significant for employers to understand all potential hazards when making this selection, including galvanizing hazards. This can be done through a comprehensive hazard analysis and an sensation of the different types of protective headgear available. Class A hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200 volts). Class B hard hats provide the highest level of protection against galvanising hazards, with high-voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying/falling objects. Class C hard hats provide lightweight comfort and impact protectio n besides offer no protection from electrical hazards. Leggings protect the lower legs and feet from combust hazards such as molten metal or welding sparks. Safety snaps allow leggings to be removed quickly Metatarsal guards protect the instep area from impact and compression. Made of aluminum, steel, fiber or plastic, these guards may be strapped to the orthogonal of shoes. Toe guards fit over the toes of regular shoes to protect the toes from impact and compression hazards. They may be made of steel, aluminum or plastic. confederacy foot and shin guards protect the lower legs and feet, and may be used in combination with toe guards when greater protection is needed. Safety shoes have impact-resistant toes and heat-resistant soles that protect the feet against hot work surfaces common in roofing, paving material and hot metal industries.The metal insoles of some safety shoes protect against puncture wounds. Safety shoes may also be designed to be electrically conductive to prevent the buildup of static electricity in areas with the potential for explosive atmospheres or nonconductive to protect workers from workplace electrical hazards. Leather gloves protect against sparks, moderate heat, blows, chips and rough objects. Aluminized gloves provide reflective and insulating protection against heat and require an insert made of synthetic materials to protect against heat and cold. Aramid fiber gloves protect against heat and cold, and abrasive-resistant. Synthetic gloves of various materials offer protection against heat and cold, cut and abrasive-resistant and may withstand some diluted acids. These materials do not stand up against alkalis and solvents.Protective clothing comes in a variety of materials, each effective against particular hazards, such as Paper-like fiber used for disposable suits provide protection against dust and splashes. Treated wool and cotton adapts well to changing temperatures, is comfortable, and fire-resistant and protec ts against dust, abrasions and rough and irritating surfaces. douse is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises when handling heavy, sharp or rough materials Leather is often used to protect against change heat and flames. Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics protect against certain chemicals and physical hazards. When chemical or physical hazards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to ensure that the material selected will provide protection against the specific hazard.Some types of hearing protection include Single-use earplugs are made of waxed cotton, foam, silicone rubber or fiberglass wool. They are self-forming and, when properly inserted, they work as well as most molded earplugs. Pre-formed or molded earplugs must be individually fitted by a professional and can be disposable or reusable. reusable plugs should be cleaned after each use. Earmuffs require a perfect blockade around the ear. Glasses, facial hair, long hair or facial movements such as chewing may reduce the protective value of earmuffs.

Comparisim of Sanitation Facilities Within Informal Settlements

COMPARISON OF unhopeful COST SANITATION TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDED TO INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS Mthunzi Rubuluza (Fill your name in nether Prepargon, Properties, medical student Properties, Advanced and update this survey) Student Number 200732536 A dissertation submitted to the expertness of Engineering, mantelpiece Peninsula University of engineering, mantel T witness, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the BTech spirit tail in Civil Engineering pallium township 23 September 2011 firmness of purpose I, Mthunzi Rubuluza decl atomic number 18 that this explore dissertation is my own unaided work. It is being submitted for the BTech Degree at pallium Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town.It has non been submitted before for any stage or examination in any different University. _______________________________________________ (Signature) Signed in Cape Town this _____________ day of ______________________ 2011 Abstract The influx of migrants to cities is placin g a abundant send to stem deli very in the Western Cape. This burden leads to the get hold of for shelter and that in turn representation that earthly concern is invaded illeg exclusivelyy. The nation now creates sexual shutdowns. The rise of free settlements leads to the lack of prefatorial base much(prenominal)(prenominal) as piss musical arrangement and sanitisation.The milieual regardion increases like contamination and that increases gentle health and gives rise to air-b mavin illness. As a result race range to manipulation open fields to defecate, illegal dumping, discharge of un addressed raging urine into wrong streams. The blanket(a) range of expert fillings for providing nice raw material sanitization is cool it non widely known nor ar the characteristics of the oppo pose elections strong understood. In exceptional, there is little age lag of the long-term financial, environmental and institutional implications of operatin g and maintaining the diverse sanitisation clays.As a result, in legion(predicate) cases communities and topical anesthetic governments ar choosing technical options that, in the long term, argon unaffordable and/or unsustainable. Challenges arise from the wide range of options available and the differing environments and conditions to which each is conform to. on-the-spot(prenominal) sanitisation is the main grade of elimination disposal in near sub-Saharan Afri domiciliate cities and leave thr one go on the most conquer get through of exploit for the urban poor in the medium term. Des sete heavy homophileity investment in sewageage formations in most primordial and close to secondary cities, typically solitary(prenominal) 10-15% of the urban population benefit from devil to the sewer ne dickensrk.Ab kayoed 80% of the urban population depends on on-site facilities much(prenominal) as unhealthful ice chests and pit latrines which, unlike sewers, a tomic number 18 ordinarily the accountability of offerholds. Acknowledgements I would like to humbly acknowledge everybody who supported me with prayers and encouragement My supervisor, Mr. C. Muanda, give conveys you for your mentorship and guidance The group members for the support they gave me when hope was gone. My friends who opened up their house for me to become a mull argona My Family, thank you for your guidance and teachings My well(p) wife, I love you, thank you for being there for me, supporting me andMostly to my God, thank you Father for giving me strength every day hold over of contents Page Declarationii Abstractiii Acknowledgementsiv parry of Contentsv List of emblemsviii List of confusesix List of Symbolsx Terms and conceptsxi Chapter 1 origination1 1. 1 accentuate and Motivation1 1. 2Research problem1 1. 3Research Question1 1. 4Objectives and outcomes2 1. 5Signifi disregardce2 1. 6Delineation2 1. 7Assumptions2 1. 8Methodology2 1. 9Organisation of disse rtation3 Chapter 2Literature check and theory4 2. 1Introduction4 2. 2Purpose of sanitization Technologies4 2. 2. 1Planning Principles for sanitization Facilities4 . 3Selection of Appropriate sanitisation Technologies6 2. 3. 1 humble extend sanitization engine room6 2. 3. 2Institutional technologies for sanitization6 2. 4 active habitual Sanitation Facilities7 2. 4. 1Types of agile common Sanitation Facilities7 2. 4. 2Wet frame7 2. 5operating(a) Requirements8 2. 5. 1Dry corpse8 2. 6Implementation Challenges in South Africa8 2. 6. 1Implementation Challenges at Provincial train9 2. 6. 2Implementation Challenges at City level9 2. 6. 3Implementation challenges indoors conjunction and household level9 2. 7Types of Sanitation Facilities10 2. 7. 1 ameliorate sanitization facilities10 . 7. 2 scrub sanitization facilities10 2. 7. 3Unimproved sanitisation (bucket clay)10 2. 7. 4Improved sanitization (Septic tank car)10 2. 8On-site sanitization11 2. 9Off-site sanitizati on11 2. 10Sanitation Guidelines for End-substance ab exploiter11 2. 11Planning and invent for Sanitation by local anaesthetic Authorities12 2. 11. 1Implementation process during cooking12 2. 12Sanitation Provision form _or_ remains of government12 2. 13 salute13 2. 13. 1Cost on various levels13 2. 14Conclusion13 2. 15References15 Chapter 3Research methodological analysis16 3. 1Research traffic pattern16 3. 2Research methodology16 3. 2. 1Data16 3. 2. 2Data Collection16 3. 2. 3Research Equipment17 . 3Methodology17 3. 3. 1Objective 1 To analyse available sanitization technologies stick outd to lax settlement from transactional, roleing, victuals and price. 17 3. 3. 2Objective 218 3. 3. 3Objective 3 Selection of the suitable option18 3. 4Semi Structured Interviews19 Chapter 4 discourse20 4. 1Types of Sanitation Technologies20 4. 1. 1Dry lots20 4. 1. 2MobiSan (Mobile Sanitation)21 4. 1. 3Conservancy tank21 4. 1. 4VIP ( freshen Improved jibe)22 4. 2On-site Sanitation22 4. 2. 1Pour electric charge slabs22 4. 2. 2Communal or sh atomic number 18d technologies23 4. 2. 3Septic Tank24 4. 3Design24 4. Manufactures Cost25 4. 4. 1MobiSan fannys25 4. 4. 2Pre-cast hind ends25 4. 5Photographs25 cast 4. 1 Cluster of communal derrieres26 4. 6STATS SA26 4. 6. 1Population census 200126 Chapter 5Discussion28 5. 1Sanitation Technology Options28 5. 2Operation and Maintenance29 5. 3Selection of an Appropriate Technology30 5. 3. 1Key issues raised for selection get hold of technology30 5. 4Sanitation Provision Approach31 5. 4. 1Supply control sanitation31 5. 4. 2Demand driven sanitation31 5. 5Performance of these Sanitation Facilities31 in that respect is non enough space due to the density of the settlements. 40 5. Guidelines and Policy42 5. 6. 1Strategy for Sanitation Services to Informal Settlements42 5. 6. 2Costing Guideline for Sanitation Facilities42 5. 7 radical Sanitation Policy Principles44 1. Sanitation essential reply to the charters of commun ities and should link to improved hygienics awareness. For raft to benefit from sanitation improvements, everybody must watch the link in the midst of their own health, veracious hygiene and flock facilities. 44 2. Communities must be fully involved in projects. DWAF is only the regulator. Citizens hurl rights but overly responsibilities in taking charge of their own health. 4 3. Sanitation must be provided in conjunction with water supply supply and other municipal run. 44 4. Sanitation is much than just crappers it must be accompany by environmental and health education. 44 5. Access to basic sanitation is a piece right. 44 6. Local government has the constitutional duty to provide access to sanitation run. 44 7. Scarce public bullion must be prioritised to help those most at risk. 44 8. restrict national funds should be fairly distributed end-to-end the country. 44 9. urine has an economic value and must be protected through sanitation. 44 10.Polluters must pa y to strip down up the water and the environment they suck up polluted. 44 11. Sanitation must be financially sustainable. 44 12. The environment must be protected when sanitation systems are set up and run. 44 5. 7. 1What result the Basic Household Policy Achieve? 44 CHAPTER 6 Recommendation and Conclusion45 References47 Appendices48 vermiform attachment A. Questionnaire for users48 List of Figures Page Body Figure 2. 1 Sample Figure CaptionError bookmark non defined. Figure 2. 2 Replace this text edition with your own fable weart forget to nominate reference if give up dont give birth work up numbering or render styleErrorbookmarker not defined. Figure 2. 3 Replace this text with your own caption dont forget to cite reference if grant dont change write in code numbering or caption styleError Bookmark not defined. Figure 2. 4 Replace this text with your own caption dont forget to cite reference if appropriate dont change rule numbering or caption style the se are Blue Hills dont put them or Blue Sky stuff in your dissertation. ( yell, 2007)Error Bookmark not defined. Figure 3. 1 Sample Figure CaptionError Bookmark not defined. Figure 4. 1 Sample Figure CaptionError Bookmark not defined. Figure 4. 2Sample figure and figure caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Figure 4. 3 Sample figure and figure caption. Make sure figure is big enough to read easily not like this one (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Appendices Figure A. 1 Sample attachment figure caption48 Figure A. 2 Sample appendix figure caption48 Figure B. 1 Sample appendix figure captionError Bookmark not defined. Figure B. 2 Sample appendix figure captionError Bookmark not defined. Figure C. 1 Sample appendix figure caption49 Figure C. 2 Sample appendix figure captionError Bookmark not defined. Figure D. 1 Sample appendix figure caption49Figure D. 2 Sample appendix figure caption49 Figure D. 3 Sample appendix figure caption49 List of send backs Page Body Tab le 4. 1Replace this text and table with your own dont forget to cite reference if appropriate dont change table numbering or caption styleError Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 2 Sample Table (note use of iterate drumhead as table break across page only split if it cant be repealed) (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Table 4. 3Replace this text and table with your own dont forget to cite reference if appropriate dont change table numbering or caption style (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined.Appendices Table A. 1 guinea pig Appendix table caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Table A. 2 other appendix table example48 Table A. 3 fiber model Appendix table caption (Name, year)48 Table A. 4 another(prenominal) appendix table example48 Table B. 1 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not defined. Table B. 2 Another appendix table exampleError Bookmark not defined. Table B. 3 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)Error Bookmark not de fined. Table B. 4 Another appendix table exampleError Bookmark not defined. Table C. 1 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)ErrorBookmark not defined. Table C. 2 Another appendix table example49 Table C. 3 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)49 Table C. 4 Another appendix table example49 Table D. 1 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)49 Table D. 2 Another appendix table example49 Table D. 3 Example Appendix table caption (Name, year)49 Table D. 4 Another appendix table example49 List of Symbols Constants ab Distance mingled with mid-chord and expandable axis(mm) B Airfoil half-chord(mm) C no-dimensional distance between airfoil mid-chord and to-do attach line(-) U Free stream velocity(m/s) W Flexure width(mm) X Distance along span(mm) x? Non-dimensional distance between airfoil pitch axis and airfoil cg(-) x? Non-dimensional distance between flap hinge axis and flap cg(-) Greek letters ? Pitch angle (rad) ? drum angle (rad) ?? Commanded flap angle (rad) ? Tensile puree (MPa) ? Shear stress (MPa) ? Flutter frequency in (rad/s) Subscripts/superscripts A Aero alive(p) H think to plunge degree of immunity ? Related to pitch degree of freedom ? Related to flap degree of freedom S structural W Wing T Flutter frequency in (rad/s) Terms and conceptsVIP Ventilated Improvement Pit UDS Urine Diversion System Eco San Eco system of logical Sanitation MCSF Mobile Community Sanitation Facility MO municipal incumbent IS Informal Settlement MobiSan Mobile Sanitation AB Ablution Block Introduction The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and enhance benignant health by providing a clean environment and respite the roll of disease. In coiffure to be sustainable a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially pleasant and technically and institutionally appropriate, but it should too protect the environment and the congenital resources.When improving an musical accompanime nt and/or designing a new sanitation system, sustainability criteria related to the fol emiting aspects should be considered, health, implys the risk of exposure to pathogens and hazardous substances that could concern public health at all points of the sanitation system from the rear via the allurement and give-and-take system to the point of employ or disposal. This literary carrefourions freshen covers subjects of sanitation, characteristics of sanitation, sanitation proviso policy, criteria for selection of sanitation, conclusion. Back screen background and MotivationThe influx of migrants to cities is placing a huge burden to infrastructure delivery in the Western Cape. This burden leads to the take on for shelter and that in turn means that land is invaded illegally. The population now creates liberal settlements. The rise of familiar settlements leads to the lack of basic infrastructure much(prenominal) as water and sanitation. The environmental impact increase s like pollution and that increases human health and gives rise to air-bone disease. As a result people tend to use open fields to defecate, illegal dumping, discharge of untreated waste water into wrong streams.Informal settlements by their nature are quite a densely populated and access through the settlement is quite solid. Basic operate are larking due to the fact there are no structures that govern the raise of settlements and the need to deliver basic sanitation go increases. in that respect is a huge need to analyse which technology functions at heart the limits experienced in informal settlements. Research problem The influx of migrants from countryfied area impoverished and densely populated areas in South Africa towards thriving regions is creating immense pressures on the existing infrastructure.The conditions of life to informal settlements tend to be poor, with low mobility, and difficult access to health, education, recreation and sanitation. Informal settleme nts are created without training and basic infrastructure. Due to the macroscopical number of sanitation technologies available and dynamic of these informal settlements, the choice of suitable and sustainable sanitation technology is of point wideness. Currently, sanitation services provided are not accepted by settlers. Where it is supplied, it is vandalised or mis utilize.This results in un indispensable pressure on finding makers to provide fitting sanitation and loss of investment. Research Question Which is the most practical low cost sanitation technology that can be provided for informal settlements in the Western Cape? Objectives and outcomes The aim of this work is to investigate the existing sanitation technologies provided to informal settlements in the Western Cape. To investigate available sanitation technologies provided in informal settlement (Cape Flats) technology by outlying, (advantages & disadvantages) from operational, design, maintenance and cost pers pective.To break up the emblems of sanitation according to the characteristics (dry or mingy sanitation case-by-case(a)istic or communal). To select the most suitable sanitation options. Recommend the most suitable option. A incredulityer will be apply to assume view points of the community indoors informal settlements. Operational cost and Structural cost per unit Significance This study intends to provide a develop Understanding of sanitation facilities inside the Western Cape in spite of appearance informal settlements and to compare the cost implications of such facilities. DelineationThis study will focus only on the sanitation facilities within informal settlements in the Western Cape. The research will compare sanitation facilities provided for mellowly serviced areas within the Western Cape and the design for formal settlements will be mentioned. Assumptions The expected results of the study are as follow An overview of sanitation technologies provided to info rmal settlements Outline cay criteria utilise for selecting the area for the technology Provide a cost effective sanitation technology for informal settlements Methodology in that respect will be three (3) informal settlements some the Western Cape that will be selected establish on the casing of sanitation provided. (Kuyasa, unexampled Crossroad and Nyanga). Field visits will be conducted to expect at each sanitation theatrical place provided for the people of that particular informal settlement. Visual judgment will use as a representation of life of assessing the facilities at selected case study sites. The legal opinion will be make with the following -Design -Operation -Maintenance operations & cost effectiveness -Interview with a piss & Sanitation official -Views of usersOrganisation of dissertation Here you must define briefly how the dissertation unfolds. Dont just magnetic dip the chapter headings suppose a little roughly each one. Introduce the cha pters in the baffle in which they appear and give an overview of the main points considered in each, except for your innovation (Chapter 1) of which this is the last parting i. e. it is reasonable to assume this introduction has just been read. just state what is cover in each chapter and in what order, to reveal the logic and structure of the dissertation. Do not give any proofs, arguments or results here.Complete this section last to ensure it describes the dissertation accurately. Literature canvas and theory This chapter is about the parity of low cost sanitation technologies provided to informal settlements Introduction The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. In order to be sustainable a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable and technically and institutionally appropriate, but it should also protect the ingrained resources a nd the environment.When improving an existing or designing a new sanitation system, sustainable aspects should be considered. Institutional appropriateness, sanitation technologies should be managed at the lowest appropriate level, such as municipalities. The household is a major factor in sustaining human health and the environment. Beneficiary communities from the preparedness of sanitation technologies, or from improvements to existing sanitation technologies, must be partners in the planning, execution and, where appropriate, operation and maintenance of these technologies or improvements.Of course, sanitation planning cannot be done in a entirely decentralized way there has to be a coherent city-wide admission to sanitation, but the planning process has to take into account the views of the intended beneficiaries and recognize that the sanitation solutions for very poor, poor and non-poor households are likely to be very different. Affordable sanitation technologies must b e affordable for the households using them. In the Western Cape in particular consideration must be given to the affordability of sanitation technologies for poor and very poor households.Purpose of Sanitation Technologies Background The prime purpose of a sanitation system is to break the disease cycle cause by the bacteria in human excrement. To do so, the system has to combat exposure to infection through all the stages from the generation of body waste to their final disposal or utilise. It is important to emphasise a murder that human behaviour is crucial and fostering behavioural change is a key component of sanitation system planning. In this chapter, though, we are concerned with the utilitarian elements of the system.While individual components will vary considerably with local mint and will differ from community to community, the division into elements creates flexibility and choice in developing appropriate solutions. Planning Principles for Sanitation Facilities The re are a a couple of(prenominal) principles that lead to beneficial changes for the community and the city as a whole. on a lower floor are the six (6) principles for claimive strategic planning 1. Respond on sound finance Service provide should respond to what the potential user wants and willing to pay for. 2. Focus on sound financesIntended users willingness to pay for sanitation systems will not be possible for expansion for facilities required. 3. Develop incentives for good practice Individuals and organisations act in a way that ensures the on-going availability of cognitive process sanitation services need to be incentives for good practice. 4. Involve stakeholders in appropriate ways Groups, individuals and organisation with an interest in some particular subject, in this case sanitation become stakeholders. All stakeholders need to be involved in developing policy stage setting for sanitation acting as intermediaries between service user and service providers. . Tak e a wide view of sanitation Stakeholders should look beyond local solutions to narrowly defined problems and recognise the links between different sanitation services. excreting disposal, solid waste management and drainage are interrelated and the impact of improvements in one will be witherd if they are carried out without regard to the others. 6. Take management steps towards intermediate objectives This principle is derived from the incremental come up to the exploitation and slaying of strategies identified, when considering steps of improving set objectives.ELEMENTS TO BE CONSIRDED FOR SANITATION PURPOSES Five elements which need to be considered separately are as follows The toilet there is a wide range of latrines, water closets, urine-diversion toilets, etc. , that may be considered, depending on local circumstances. The gainion system septic tanks, pits, vaults, drums, may be appropriate in different environments. Transportation large or small sewer systems, mo torised, mechanical or manual attractor may need to be considered. Treatment systems vary from sophisticated sewer water treatment plants and sludge digestion to simple composting systems and soil filtration. Use of sanitation products urine, composted excreta and biogas are all important resources. If all fiver (5) elements for sanitation are adhered too then, Health, which is one of the aspects which include the risk of exposure to hazardous substances and pathogens that could affect public health at all points of the sanitation system from the toilet via the collection and treatment system to the point of reuse or disposal.Aspects such as hygiene, nutrition and improvement of livelihood achieved by the application of a certain sanitation system, as well as downstream set up necessarily to be prioritized. Selection of Appropriate Sanitation Technologies The selection of appropriate sanitation technologies within informal settlements either locally (SA) or internationally, should be considered. . The physical environment and technical feasibility in which it can be installed (sanitation induction) for example consideration has to be given for (altitude, ground slopes, soils, hydrogeology, caparison density, liability to flooding and local climate.The selection must also be matched both with local socio-cultural practices and preferences and with local socio-economic conditions, with the ability to pay for the sanitation position selected and also willingness to pay for services rendered. Any selected low cost sanitation for any given community has to comply with the six (6) principles for sustainable sanitation. start cost sanitation technology Sanitation is carve up into two wide-eyed groups on site and off site systems.The technologies are moreover divided into three (3) reuse categories centralized reuse, intermittent reuse and decentralized reuse and these leads to different sets of sanitation solutions. Household or local community level is Decentralized reuse (a house block). Natural drainage basins within an urban area are Centralized reuse level (town, city), wastewater collection is required followed by wastewater treatment. Pit latrines, pour-flush toilets and septic tanks are all intermittent reuse which refers to on-site systems. Conventional sewerage is not covered as it is too expensive for informal settlements (IWA, 2004).Service delivery in a recent inventory indicates that most of the informal settlements are severely fall behind behind in sanitation coverage. Governments current approach is to aim to supply informal settlements with toilets to be shared within five (5) households. Most of the toilets are locked and their maintenance relies on the users. In the Western Cape especially in the Cape Flats area the dis gather cases of toilets that are mostly employ are chemical (Nyanga) and bucket system (New cross) as shared facilities speckle VIP and UDS are considered as individual facilities.The opt ions mentioned are not ever so available or suitable for the informal settlements due to the nature of the settlements. These services are considered as emergency services but however remain with the communities for a long period of time (Mels et al, 2009). Institutional technologies for sanitation Institutional technologies for sanitation within South African government structures need to incorporate accountability. During the planning phase all sanitation technologies are abandoned to mismanagement (including sanitation selection).An assessment for the comparison of sanitation technology needfully to include, who is responsible for what and the likelihood that these responsibilities can and will be effectively fulfil over the appropriate timeframes (short, medium and long term commitments). A non-prescriptive captain attitude and in depth local knowledge is required for assessment purposes (Mara et al, 2001). Comparison of the two arrangements is vital because they deal with people and government entities on how to sell sanitation. The CoCT plays a critical role in identifying the need for sanitation in each community. Mobile Communal Sanitation FacilitiesDue to the ever increase need for free land and lack of space in our urban areas, alternative technologies in order to meet the sanitation aim and respond to the communities need to be do available. Temporary sanitation facilities such as the Mobile Communal Sanitation Facility (MCSF) have been introduced recently in areas where sanitation is to take place (Muanda, 2010). Types of Mobile Communal Sanitation Facilities Mobile Communal Sanitation Facility (MCSF) varies in terms of their design, operational and use requirements. MCSF can be classified according to their operational requirements.In practice the common examples that are found are either dry (not requiring water) and awry(p) (requiring water). A system that uses both scenarios has been identified as an improvement solution dealings wi th various situations. Wet system This character of system requires water for its operation. There are several theatrical roles of such systems that are being utilize throughout the world and in Africa such as the DMT (dignified mobile toilet). There are solar powered toilets, sewer connected mobile toilet. Mostly in South Africa the most commonly used system is the Kayaloo and Mobisan ( third estateison et al, 2008). Dry systemThis type of sanitation system does not require water for its operation. There are a few in South Africa such as the Mobile Pit toilet. In the international arena the following system for dry systems technologies include the wheel toilet (Burkina Faso), composting mobile toilet (France), tricycle toilet (India and Sri Lanka) Pickford, 1995. Combined system This type of system is a dual system that can be used as dry or wet sanitation it can operate without the availability of water or sewer. In the international arena, the NMT (Nepal Mobile Toilet) is the commonly used system under this phratry (Parkison et al, 2008).South African perception of MCSF The perception of users of mobile sanitation facilities are place setting based. The most preferred type of sanitation in South Africa is the individual full waterborne flush toilet. Communities within informal settlements are demanding that this type of sanitation should be provided to them at any cost regard slight of the type of topography, shelter or the status of the land occupied. MCSF are seen by communities that the level of service is closer to that off the full flush toilet in spite of the communal status of the facility and communities are favorable using it.Communities look at that this type of sanitation provides dignity and privacy compared to other types of sanitation in the areas. The slow pace of delivery and the long waiting for the provision of the individual sanitation has changed peoples perception recently. Most of the communities feel that the type of technolog y brought for a temporary basis has turned up to be a permanent solution (Grootboom, 2010). Operational Requirements City of Cape Town (CoCT) for example most of the settlements (75%) are located on land that is possess by the municipality and a large share which is (22%) is located in head-to-head lands.Consent from the owner has to be obtained by the peeing Services surgical incision in order to deliver services on site. Permission by umpteen owners is not given due the fact that communities will make their temporally settlement a permanent one. A major constraint for sanitation service provision is the high density of settlements. Dry system The operation of this system does not require water for its operation and this is how the dry system is defined. Dry mobile sanitation system requires a location where the facility needs to be installed and the disposal point or discharging excreta when the cut is full at the s bill of the system for cleaning purposes (Scandura & Sob sey,1997). 2. 5. 2 Wet system The wet system for mobile sanitation requires water and sewer in order to make the system operational. A toilet bowl is connected under this sanitation system using a electron tube linking to the sewer or septic tank. The system depends on water and cannot function if water is not available. In cases where there is no sewer line, the wastewater is pumped out and taken to a disposal site (Dorrigton, 2000). 2. 5. Combined system The combined system was intentional to overcome the inaccessibility of water and the effects that can happen to the operation of such a system. It combines both systems and can be operated without water and with water (Parkison et al, 2008). Implementation Challenges in South Africa Communities in needy areas are waiting for the implementation of sanitation technology that will provide dignified sanitation to them. The success for the implementation should be designed in such that all the parameters of the technology are not com promised.In the past the focus was mainly on the technology of the sanitation facility, and recently the attention has shifted to the implementation methods of sanitation technologies. Implementation means the process of introduction of sanitation in communities, not necessary the design, but the development process of sanitation. Introduction of the strategy and approach towards the community is vita (Classen, 2003). Professionals in this field feel that the implementation plan should have the environment as the initiative priority, then after the technical aspects to meet he human societal needs, and finally the economic requirements with these communities. It has become clear from, human societal needs are important and technology must help achieve this basic needs (Grootboom, 2010). Implementation Challenges at Provincial level The role of the idyl government needs to be clarified in the funding of urban infrastructure investments and the planning and the delivery of sanitatio n services is of utmost importance. A key challenge is the lack of capacity for sanitation promotion and fall out monitoring.Evasion of funds that are exclusively allocated to sanitation is affecting service provision (Grootboom, 2010). Implementation Challenges at City level Key challenges at municipal levels are related to the following issues The lack of mechanisms bearing in mastermind the range of organizations that have a stake in sanitation for inter-agency quislingism on planning and service delivery. Not all municipalities at bow accept that there is a problem with excreta disposal. For the achievements of national sanitation goals there is a lack of incentives and accountability.There is a shortage of capacity within the municipality in infrastructure development, planning, service delivery and sanitation promotion. lowly understood and complicated mechanisms for accessing and al hole capital funds. The private sectors service delivery and maintenance in the safe remo val, treatment and disposal of septic tank is under-developed and unregulated. Existing infrastructure is poorly maintained and operated (Grootboom, 2010). Implementation challenges within the community and household level Communities need to play a role as the intended usurers in the implementation of sanitation facilities.The challenge legislate at this level, when limited appreciation of the need for safe disposal of wastewater. In most cases those that occupy land illegally are excluded from municipal projects and planning processes thus posing threats to the provision or implementation of sanitation services (Classen, 2003). For any technology to be embraced by the community they have to be involved from the inception phase, design phase and during the designion phase so that they can embrace the services being rendered by government institutions.CoCT and Local government face a huge back log of housing projects that can play a role in elevating sanitation stumbling blocks wi thin informal settlements. Implementation challenges within community and household level Communities need to play a role as the intended usurers in the implementation of sanitation facilities. The challenge occur at this level, when limited appreciation of the need for safe disposal of wastewater. In most cases those that occupy land illegally are excluded from municipal projects and planning processes thus posing threats to the provision or implementation of sanitation services (Classen, 2003).For any technology to be embraced by the community they have to be involved from the inception phase, design phase and during the construction phase so that they can embrace the services being rendered by government institutions. CoCT and Local government face a huge back log of housing projects that can play a role in elevating sanitation stumbling blocks within informal settlements. Types of Sanitation Facilities The type of sanitation facilities listed below can be found throughout the We stern Cape.The type of technology used for a particular settlement depends on the following elements which determine the final product being utilised i. e. topography, population, water resource and availability of the facility. Improved sanitation facilities This are facilities which are not shared or public, for example flush or pour flush, piped system, pit latrine, septic tank, ventilated improved pit latrine with slab and compositing toilet (Franceys et. al 1992). Unimproved sanitation facilities excreta is flushed to the street, yard or plot, open sewer, a ditch, a drainage way or other location pit latrine without slab or open pit, bucket, hanging toilet or hanging latrine and no facilities or bush or field (Lemer, 1996). Unimproved sanitation (bucket system) Design and function In the South African context the bucket is always black, pvc and is about 38 cm in diameter at the top and 30 cm at the bottom and has adequate handles for lifting and carrying. The collection sleepi ng room is situated below the squatting seat.All the house are open at the rear of the latrine, into the service lane used for collection. The collection chamber must be fly and animal proof. The chamber needs to be ventilated by means of a pipe vent carried to roof level of the superstructure (Pickford, 1995). Collection and conveyance of buckets On a weekly basis collection are done and gets replaced with a disinfected bucket. Buckets that are emptied into a tank and are returned immediately the practice should be condemned unreservedly.The time of the collection should be done in partnership with the community affected. Buckets are emptied at the disposal sites, thoroughly washed, and disinfected with phenol or creosol type of antimicrobial before being stores outside(a) and re-used (Pickford, 1995). Improved sanitation (Septic tank) The most commensurate unit all water-carried systems and the most useful system of disposal of excreta and other liquid wastes from individual d wellings, small groups of houses, or institutions located in informal settlements out of reach of sewer systems.The septic tank consists of a covered settling tank into which the raw sewage is led by the building sewer. Inside the septic tank the processes constitute the primary treatment of raw sewage and those which occur in the disposal field form the secondary treatment. All liquids wastes, including those from bathrooms and kitchens, may be sent to the septic tank without endangering its normal operation. Contrary to popular belief, recent research has shown that sullage waste can and should be discharged into septic tanks (Lemer, 1996).On-site sanitation As it was mentioned before that there are two types of sanitation systems in this instance the On-site sanitation systems is generally designed and must operate in such a way excreta is deposited into a man-made container, usually a underwater excavation or tank. The common trend to all forms of on-site sanitation is that dec omposition process and settlement is performed on-site. This is the most low-cost sanitation system as it has various types of pit latrines. They can be either wet or dry systems.Due to the shortage of space and availability of land in informal settlements this system operates the best under these conditions (Lemer, 1996). Off-site sanitation This type of sanitation system transports sewage through sewer pipes using water. An off-site sanitation system only transport faecal matter away from households and does not include on-site decomposition to a significant degree. This type of system depends largely on the topography of the area and the planning around the system. There must be enough land and space before such a system is created, which is difficult in informal settlements.The cost of such a system is quite high (Scandura and Sobsey, 1997). The availability of funds and the topography play an important role in the decision making on what type of technology communities should ha ve within informal settlements. Sanitation Guidelines for End-user Greater user acceptance is achieved through user involvement and influence in selection, implementation and management including operation of the technology is borne out of taking into custody and experience that people best understand their own development situation, social, cultural and religious practices.If the communities are involved it leads to greater ownership and empowerment and would translate into greater acceptance of responsibility and hence the technology. It is within the human nature to be more receptive and supportive when asked about ones opinion as opposed to being dictated or told to whats is best for oneself (Mara, 1996). line of credit the following reasons why services fail Ineffective planning, monitoring, evaluation and interventions Poor technical capacity to implement Hygiene and inappropriate use practises. depression user acceptance and satisfaction Inadequate community involvement Lo w priority and Lack of responsibilities between municipal, community and household Finally- it is of great importance not to move too fast from temporary programmes to full-scale programmes, the community need to receive the programme so that it is not rejected. Planning and Design for Sanitation by Local Authorities Sanitation technology is adequately dependent on the appropriate design specification is borne out of the understanding that the correct design standards and locally appropriate materials would enhance the durability of the technology in a given local context.Planning plays a pivotal role as it is used as an important factor to determine whether appropriate and sustainable sanitation technologies are achieved. A planning model that integrates everyone is sample (WSP, 2007) that takes place within the Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process (DWAF, 2001). The various sanitation options are demonstrated through the IDP process. A top-down to bottom-up approach for a planning model should drive the demand and should be entirely people centred, best achieved through a collective model (Tilley, 2008). Implementation process during planningA methodology for the provision of sanitation is necessary to establish sanitation for low-income settlements and to support and equip personal responsible for provision of sanitation to low-income settlements (Muanda, 2010). In the planning process specific emphasis for adequate functioning of the technology is placed on the environmental aspect, that local environmental and geological condition are considered and that the technology does not adversely impact on the environment (DWAF, undated). The recurring points that need to be systemised are as follows Human rights and socio-cultural needs should be considered Affordability for the user Sanitation should be demand driven Stakeholder fellowship Support, regulation and implementation within the community participation framework should be considered. Provisi on for construction should be to locals. Community linkage at all levels During the implementation place it is important to include health and hygiene training as to ensure improved health and hygiene practice (Still et. al, 2009). What happens in the case where a local authority has provided such training?Over time many new comers arrive into the settlement (as is the case in many informal settlements)? The only solution to the question here is to train trainers in the community who will be responsible for constantly creating awareness in their community (DWAF, 2009). Sanitation Provision Policy South Africa despite being a democratic country for more than a decade, with a sound constitution and sound policies there is all the same high levels of poverty and inequalities and reckonary realignments designed to address the legacies of the past and looker economic growth (DWAF, undated).Some policies have been relatively successful but still South Africa has the second highest in equality in the world behind Brazil (UNICEF, 2000). The fact is that by 1996 not that much had been achieved by way of sanitation provision in any of the provinces (DBSA, 2009). Sanitation has become a high priority on the development agenda, and not just with the Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) sector specialist. The opportunities for financial support are give than ever, the political commitment is there, so as to deliver sustainable sanitation services to more than two billion people by 2015.A further 1,089 million rural and 1,085 million urban dwellers will need to gain access in the coming 15 years if the 2015 target is to be achieved. The first democratic government since 1994 has put in place policies that address the apartheid health legacy of racial discrimination. During this process, several key-pro equity policies were inherited in the public sector. In the South African context the policy not only influences the approach to the financing and management of projects bu t also their technical features (WHO, 1999). CostsSocio-cultural landscapes and local variations in the physical landscape necessitate local input into the selection process and any preconceived ideas should be put on hold. Discussions with the targeted community about local capital and operation and maintenance costs have to be determined in each case that will enable the community and local authorities to come to a decision based on affordability. It is important that agencies reporting comparative costs on a wholly transparent basis, so that only the true basic costs of sanitation arrangement are presented to the communities (DBSA, 2009).Cost on various levels There are five (5) principles for various levels. All costs relating to the provision of sanitation service should be included A distinction should be made between capital and operating costs A clear distinction has to be made between internal and bulk services Costs services must be expressed as current rehabilitation a t capacity cost. Costs to be reduced per area or site. Cost sanitation technologies can also be influenced through the natural features such as vegetation, terrain and water availability and climatic conditions generally within the settlements.Conclusion The sanitation approach includes the perception, feel and practices involved in satisfying the rudimentary need to defecate and urinate. Societal sanitation approach determines the nature of sanitation which serves as the crucial link between an unhealthy and healthy living environment. The term sanitation includes the safe disposal of domestic waste. For the purposes of this research, the structure seeks to understand the appropriate sanitation and identify a sanitation structure that is cost effective and will be sustainable in informal settlements.Sanitation facilities are used to improve human dignity regardless of the area and the circumstances of the people. In this study we have looked at the process that needs to be followe d in order to have sanitation technologies that safe guard the people. In informal settlements due to the nature of their existence and the lack of formal services, the communities usually do not take ownership of these facilities. The onus is upon government to train people about the importance of sanitation. The study focussed mostly on technologies that are used internationally and locally.The comparison of this technologies will be based on cost, structural intact and the maintenance therefore of the technology. References Rockstrom, Johan et al. Sustainable Pathways to attain the Millennium Development Goals Assessing the Key Role of Water, Energy and Sanitation, Stockholm environmental Institute, 2005. WHO & UNICEF Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target The urban and rural challenge. WSSCC/Sandec (2000). The Bellagio Statement on Sustainable Sanitation. Jenssen et al. , 2004 P. D. Jenssen, J. Heeb, E. Huba-Mang, K. Gnanakan, S. W. Warner, K. Refsgaard, Stens torm Thor-Axel, B.Guterstam and K. W. Alsen, Ecological sanitation and reuse of wastewater, ecosan, a thinkpiece on ecological sanitation (2004). HDR (Human Development Report), 2006 HDR (Human Development Report), beyond Scarcity Power, poverty and the global water crisis, United Nations Development Programme, New York (2006). Dorrington RE, Bradshaw D, Budlender D. HIV/AIDS Profile of the Provinces of South AfricaIndicators for 2002. Cape Town, South Africa nerve center for Actuarial Research, Medical Research Council and the Actuarial Society of South Africa, University of Cape Town 2002. Rogerson, C. (1993) South African policy lessons.Urban Forum Vol. 4 No. 2. Housing Conditions, sanitation status and associated health risks in selected subsidized low- cost housing settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. Govender, T. Jo M. Barnes. Joubert A, Stewart T (2003). Evaluation of water supply augmentation and water demand management options for the City of Cape Town, diary of Multi- criteria Decision Analysis. Lemanski, C (2009). Augmented informality South Africans backyard dwellings as a by-product of formal housing policies. WHO, (2006). Surveillance, planning, financing. Available online. City of Cape Town, Department of housing, (2004).Breaking new ground, comprehensive plan for housing delivery. Available online. Research methodology This chapter provides a comprehensive description of the comparison methods used to analyse sanitation technologies in informal settlements (IS). It outlines an overview of the research design, info collection, research equipment and research methodology used in order to meet the study objectives. Research design This section of the study is made up of the following * Literature review which compromises of literature, a body review, a framework, a body of knowledge with regards to sanitation technologies. Data collection which compromise methods used to collect required info * Data Analysis and Presentation in the light of the literature review to determine the trends used for sanitation technologies for IS. Research methodology This study intends to provide a better understanding of sanitation facilities within the Western Cape within informal settlements and to compare the cost implications of such facilities. Data The data required in order to archive the study objectives includes the type of sanitation technology for IS and the cost in relation to sanitation technology.Data acquired was based on the following Type of sanitation Cost (Operational & Maintenance) Cost (Infrastructure) Advantages and Disadvantages of On-site sanitation Advantages and Disadvantages of Off-site sanitation Data Collection In order to collect data two methods are used (Two interviews & site visits). * Site visits on selected IS in order to assess the type of sanitation technology being used. The site visits where done by conducting visual assessment in three informal settlements with the Metro. Data was collected by comparing the types of technology that is being used within each settlement.A questionnaire template was used to gather users views and opinions on the technologies offered by the municipality. * An interview with the Municipal Officer (MO) to confirm or validate data/technology on site and the cost of the technology. The interview was set out to ascertain the magnitude and the need of sanitation facilities within informal settlements which is done by the municipality. Operational and maintenance cost of the technology being used was collected for comparison purposes. * An interview with effects of sanitation technologies was conducted in order to confirm cost per unit.All the manufactures that where contacted where primary manufactures that the municipality procures all their sanitation technologies. Rocla was one of the manufactures that was interviewed about their precast toilets. Rocla has two sets of precast toilets one with sanitation facilities and one without sanitatio n facilities. A comparison of the two technologies has been tabled in Chapter 4. Santec was also interviewed about their Mobile toilets which comprised two sets of toilets (dry & wet). A comparison of the two technologies is outlined in Chapter 4.Research Equipment The following equipment was used for this study * Pen this tool was used to capture raw data from site. * laptop the laptop is used to store all data collected and is also used to make tables to present all the research work into a document * Digital Camera the digital camera was used to take pictures on site and during interviews. * Mobile phone mobile phones where used as a means of communication amongst all stakeholders involved. * Fax Machine was used to send and also receive data from stakeholders without email facilities and scans. Landline the tool was used for communication between office hours and is the most affordable means of communication. Methodology Objective 1 To investigate available sanitation techn ologies provided to informal settlement from operational, design, maintenance and cost. The objective was implemented by conducting of site visits, during which visual assessments where used to compile the name of the technology, specific technical aspects such as design and the condition of the technologies on site. Below is a list of design technologies within informal settlements that where visited. * Porta potiies * Chemical toilets Container toilets * Conservancy tanks * Pour flush toilets * Pit latrines * Urine diversion toilets * MobiSan toilets * Environmental loo Objective 2 * To classify the types of sanitation according to the characteristics (dry or wet sanitation individual or communal). Classification of the technology was done by identifying individual and communal sanitation technologies. * * Dry sanitation * Wet sanitation * A dry toilet differs from a flush toilet (water closet) in that it does not need water. Excreta are collected promptly beneath the seat in a shallow pit, container, chamber, such as the bucket system.Confusion must cleared between the systems especially latrine system which is constructed on a deep pit. Dry toilets ranges include a squatting plate or pedestal, with a smooth terminate surface and is a good deal utilised in limited area to belittle soiling. * These are the conventional full flush system with sewers and waste water treatment plants, full flush systems with septic tank and small bore-hole sewers, and the full flush systems with shallow sewerage. With septic tanks will significantly reduce operating costs, while the third system shallow sewers will significantly reduce the capital costs.The advantages of this group of toilets are that they operate as full flush toilets, can accommodate grey water disposal, and are well suited to densely populated areas where the plot sizes are insufficient to treat and drain household wastes. * Objective 3 Selection of the suitable option The suitable option was based on the advantages and disadvantages on the interview and the cost of the technology by the manufacture. The selected option is also based on the manufactures specification which used on site by the municipality and the budget allocated to the MO for that particular region.Advantages of On-site sanitation Disadvantages of On-site sanitation The system must be simple to construct, operate and maintain This system is not suitable for substrata with hard rock and high water table conditions. institution should be less expensive and maintenance the same The is a high possibility of pathogens pollute the groundwater Pollution of water surface should be eliminated In highly densely populated urban areas such as informal settlements crucial groundwater resources can get contaminated. Semi Structured InterviewsSemi structured interviews were conducted to collect data from users to obtain the users views on sanitation technologies and the type of service the municipality is rendering. Use rs were asked questions on sanitation situations, technology selection, performance of facilities, appropriateness of the technologies, operational and maintenance of the facilities. A total of twelve (12) interviews were conducted. See (Appendix A) for the questionnaire template. Table 1 shows the distribution of the interviews conducted. athletic field No. of interviews Gugulethu 4 Khayelitsha 4 Nyanga 4TOTAL 12 Table 1Distribution of interviews The questionnaires were administered on site with the users of the selected informal settlements. Administration of questionnaires was conducted in Xhosa since most of the users were comfortable speaking the language. Due to the lack of finding suitable donors to fund our survey only small sample was administered that actually uses the facilities. Discussion This section of study reflects the visual assessment that was conducted on site. A asker was used to ascertain the level of service from the end user on the three (3) identified site s.A comparison of technologies that is being offered in informal settlements by the municipality is also reflected. The physical structure of the technologies being offered by manufactures to municipalities. Operational and maintenance cost implication from the manufacture and that cost is later transferred or matte by the municipality. Types of Sanitation Technologies Technology Settlement Name Suburb Name Porta potiies KTC Nyanga Chemical toilets KTC Nyanga Conservancy toilets Monwabisi Park Khayelitsha Pour flush toilets Barcelona GugulethuPit Latrines Monwabisi Park Khayelitsha MobiSan toilets. KTC Nyanga Dry toilets A dry toilet differs from a flush toilet (water closet) in that it does not need water. Excreta are collected directly beneath the seat in a shallow pit, container, chamber, such as the bucket system. Confusion must cleared between the systems especially latrine system which is constructed on a deep pit. Dry toilets ranges include a squatting plate or pedestal, w ith a smooth finished surface and is often utilised in limited area to minimise soiling.ADVANTAGES COST DISADVANTAGES No water required for flushing Capital R2000 R 3500. 00 which can increase where soils not suited to drainage. The toilet has to be cleaned without using much water. Easy to construct with local material Operating R150 R300 per annum where subsoil drainage is available salt away excreta has to be carefully handled, excreta contains pathogens May be used indoors Excreta have to be removed frequently to avoid smells, especially if the toilets are indoors MobiSan (Mobile Sanitation)MobiSan (Mobile Sanitation) system in many ways has many advantages over existing dry systems. Below is a list of those advantages MobiSan Advantages MobiSan Disadvantages The MobiSan system is an independent and self-contained system and has been proven that the system does not affect ground water at all. Faeces and urine are stored separately in the MobiSan. Urine is channelled away and the faeces fall into a ventilated chamber. The construction of the system is such that a handle on the outside of the cabin allows the solid waste to be stirred.The steering speeds up the drying of the excrement. The excrement is then channelled into a second component where this drying process is repeated again. The end product is dried up, it is pathogen-free manure that can be safely used to fertilise local vegetable gardens within the communities in informal settlements. This system lends itself as a more aesthetic and hygienic option for residents in informal settlements. The technology provided is prone to vandalism and becomes full within a short period. Operating costs are very high. Conservancy tank ADVANTAGES COST DISADVANTAGESWaste is flushed into the tank where it is contained in isolation from the adjoin environment. Capital R2000 R 5000. 00 depending on top structure and tank sight Becomes full if domestic wastewater levels are high. Easy to construct with l ocal material Operating R 550. 00 per household and emptying cost estimated at R181 per tank. The tank is emptied on average 3 times per year excreting cost over the lifespan of the technology is quite high. VIP (Ventilated Improved Pit) ADVANTAGES COST DISADVANTAGES Applicable in rock terrain Capital R2500 R 4500. 0Depending on householder input. . Collected excreta has to be carefully handled, excreta contains pathogens Does not require deep excavation Operating R35 R135 every 2 years. given over to smells. On-site Sanitation On-site sanitation has certain requirements, which need to be investigated before adopting the system. The system must have adequate space for locating toilets and leach pits. The designated site must have porous subsoil to describe liquid content of excreta and The groundwater depth should be greater than 1,5m from ground level.ADVANTAGES OF On-site sanitation DISADVANTAGES OF On-site sanitation The system must be simple to construct, operate and ma intain This system is not suitable for substrata with hard rock and high water table conditions. Installation should be less expensive and maintenance the same The is a high possibility of pathogens contaminating the groundwater Pollution of water surface should be eliminated In highly densely populated urban areas such as informal settlements crucial groundwater resources can get contaminated. Pour flush slabs Pour flush slabs (squatting pans) are designed with a U-shaped facility which s partly filled with water under slab. The design which is U overcomes problems such as flies, mosquitoes and odour by helping as a water seal. After usage, excreta are manually flushed by pouring water into the pan with a scoop. The occur is about 1 to 4 litres of water which is required for each flush. The tote up of water depends mainly on the design of the facility and the U-trap. This type of toilet can be made from plastic and ceramic, or from galvanized sheet surface . ADVANTAGES COST D ISADVANTAGES High level of convenience for the user Capital R 2000- R 3500 which can increase where soils are not well suited to drainage. Blockages occur a lot within these systems The design reduces the need to handle fresh excreta. Operating R 150 R 300 per annum where subsoil drainage is available Requires small amounts of water for flushing Can be used indoors Limited emptying service. Communal or shared technologies In areas where there is not enough space, the sharing of latrines between several families is a useful solution. The common situation is where groups of households or small communal areas have latrines to be used by all the families.The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. The costs of pit emptying and other repairs is often included in the rent, causing problems when the owner does not live there, or the residents must collaborate to clean the latrine and collect money to get it emptied when necessary. This is a very widespread practice. Communal of blocks of latrines are located in a public area,

Unilever Business Manual

Also the organization has set objectives that needs to be achieved. Goals of hatter (termed The compass Milliner strategy for sustainable growth) This clearly outlines their imagery for the future where their brands and operate will be used all all over the creation thereby doubling the size of Milliner Decreasing malign caused to the environment and impacting society positively. Another aspect of this also includes improvement in the way of life of mass in areas such as health, food, annotation, and opportunities at bottom societies Combining its multinational competence with Milliners strong relationship in different cultures to provide a wide unravel of products to satisfy a range of users and also building strong relationships in new markets which will be of significance in the future growth of Milliner. Achieving significant growth objectives go decoupling growth from environmental and increasing our positive social impact is a bold but challenging vision Milliner 1 chief operating officer Paul Pullman.Milliners mission can be put into key points Proving a daily better future for all. Helping personal image with Milliners brands and services To be an inspiration in taking action to benefit the world Doubling the size of its business Developing its products further to work towards its polish of doubling the size of its business Limiting environmental impact done innovation and developing effective and efficient ways to reach commonwealth Primary and Secondary goals On 1 5th November 2010 Milliner announced its plans of sustainability by or before 2020.These goals include Acquiring 100% of its coarse raw materials from sustainable sources. Improving hygiene for one million people in Asia, Africa, and Latin America through the usage of lifebuoy soap thereby reducing diarrhea which is a large cause of infant mortality. fashioning safe water available though their low-cost water purifier called Purest which is produced in India and di stributed to a half billion people across the world. Improving the lively conditions of people in developing countries by collaborating with organizations such as Oxford.

My Experience in Jaffna

My experience in Jaffna. Sandarangi Perera. For three long decades Sri Lanka was torn apart by a beady-eyed war between the coun movements majority and minority. This war make the northern part of the country inaccessible to most of us its citizens. I myself thought that the people, culture and beauty of Jaffna and its surrounding areas would forever remain a mystery to me. However once the war ended the north undecided its doors for the rest of the island to come witness all it has to take outer.Even with this great opportunity at my grasp, yet I was not capable of see northern Sri Lanka as I simply never had the chance to. Luckily this chance was granted to my fellow college mates and me by our college, the chance to see and experience the back war north. After practically planning, excitement and enthusiasm we cut back off to Jaffna hoping to gain new experiences, to learn new lessons and to make memories as youthfulness individuals aspiring to be future journalists. Our purpose of going to Jaffna was to collect tuition that was needed to write the stories that each of us were charge.The general topic assigned to the particular group that I belonged to was agriculture, and we were given the full immunity to choose a story we preferred under that wide topic. The delegate was to choose a story which has a news value. I directly decided on writing my story close the grape glossiness in Jaffna, considering my love for the issue and my curiosity about the process of its cultivation. On my first day in Jaffna I arranged an interview with a few government officers at the Ministry of Agriculture Northern Province. The interview was instead successful and proved to be both knowledgeable and interesting.I learned a good deal about the history of grape cultivation in Jaffna, its plight during the war, its precondition after the war, the different typed of grape fruit grown in Jaffna, the problems and threats go about by the farmers and last but no t least the future plans and goals set for the growth of the grape farming industry in Jaffna. Day dickens and three were spent visiting grape farms and interviewing the farmers to gain a much much practical knowledge about the cultivation of grapes. I must say that the grape farms we visited were by far one of the most splendiferous things that I surrender ever witnessed.Entering each grape farm felt like walking into a land that simply was far away(predicate) from Jaffna. Greenery was rare in the North. The long stretched roads very much had secret code but brown, open and empty lands on either side that often felt quite dead. These farms were the absolute opposite. Every inch of the mesh in a higher place our heads was covered with light green grape vines that blocked away the heat up sun that we could not flee from the rest of the time. What looked lovelier than the grape vines themselves were the grape fruit hanging from them.Standing under those vines I couldnt help but notice happy and refreshed. One grape farmer that I spoke to uttered to me how growing grapes was very much similar to bringing up a child. He spoke of the dedication, caring and nurturing it took to maintaining a grape farm. thither were m each an(prenominal) traditions and rules entwined with this trade, there was a specific way in which every prod was to be made and this made it seem to me that grape cultivation was more of an art than a business and the farmers also went on to say that sadly it is an art that is slowly dying.Our third day in Jaffna was spent visiting onion farms and Palmyra plantations and other industries related to the Palmyra plant such(prenominal) as handicrafts and food and drink items made out of it. Out of the places visited on that day one place in particular that I show to be interesting was a small-scale workshop where Palmyra handicrafts were made. There were about five to six women there who were weaving pretty and noisy baskets and bags a nd on display were the most delicate little ornaments made from various parts of the Palmyra tree.These women made weaving look rather halcyon as they sat there, smoothly and artistically moving their fingers creating beautiful patterns. cosmos a crafter myself I wanted to sit with them and try weaving, and so I did. An elderly woman offered to show me how it was done and I assay to grasp as much as I could by reflexion her fast moving fingers and yet when I tried to weave I failed miserably. I discovered that it wasnt nearly as easy as they made it seem to be, yet it was quite the enjoyable experience to try anyway.Along with our busy schedules, tweeting, blogging and all the other work assigned to us we equable found time to experience the beauty of Jaffna while at work. umpteen of the places we visited, such as the Jaffna library and religious sites had a certain impassibility and beauty about them that I had not experienced prior to that. I found this experience to be on e that educated me much about the practical aspects of being a journalist making contacts, setting appointments and interviews, researching into stories and their details, checking and crosschecking, determination reliable sources, team work and so on.These lessons could not have been taught to any of us in a better way, therefore I consider I speak for all of my college mates when I say our business line trip to Jaffna was a priceless experience in more slipway than one. The open blue skies, the beaches, the breeze, the late nights and early mornings, the joyous moments shared with friends, the delightful food, the traditions and culture of the north and more than anything the kind people of the north have been etched into my memory never to be forgotten and this was my experience in Jaffna.