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Friday, May 31, 2019

Abraham Lincoln And Jefferson Davis Essay -- Compare Contrast American

Abraham capital of Nebraska and Jefferson DavisWorks Cited MissingIn this report I compare two great historical figures Abraham Lincoln,the 16th president, steered the Union to victory in the American Civil War andabolished slavery, and the first and only president of the Confederate States ofAmerica, Jefferson Davis. Abraham Lincoln was the President of the Union, andJefferson Davis struggled to lead the compact to independence in the U.S.Civil War. Lincoln was treasured by the African Americans and was considered anearthly incarnation of the Savior of mankind (DeGregorio 20-25). On the otherhand, Davis was both admire and hated. Lincoln had a different view of how theU.S. should be in abolishing slavery. Davis was a politician, president of theConfederate States of America, and also a successful planter. He had beliefsfor the South to keep in the old ways with slavery and plantations. BothLincoln and Davis had strong feelings for the protection of their land (Arnold55-57).Both A braham and Jefferson Davis shared several differences andsimilarities. Lincoln was known to realize an easy going and joking type attitude.In contrast, Davis had a temper much(prenominal) that when challenged, he simply could notback down (DeGregorio 89). Davis had been a fire fighter before Abraham Lincolnselection, but the prospect of Civil War do him gloomy and depressed. Fifty-three years old in 1861, he suffered from a variety of ail custodyts such as fever,neuralgia, and inflamed eye, poor digestion, insomnia, and stress. Lincoln alsosuffered from illnesses during the war. He had severe cases of headaches andstress.Both presidents had a lot of pressure of them due to the fact ofdefending their region. Lincoln had difficulties growing up because of thedeaths early in his childhood, poverty, and little education. Davis however,studied at a Roman Catholic school in Kentucky and at Transylvania University,and entered West vertex in 1824. Davis seemed to have had an outreachin genvironment to his success. The major difference, personality wise, was Davissweakness in his inability to get along with other people where Lincoln was a good liked and easygoing man.Both men shared a common bond in their education towards war. Davisserved at frontier military posts and in the dismal Hawk War before resigning in1835. L... ...sident, we prospered in many ways. His actionsbrought about great challenges that he, and the following fathers of our countrywould go by dint of. The combining of both races and more freedoms would lecturetroubles for many years to come. Although his actions stopped slavery, itdidnt stop the harsh treatment of the black race which carried out for decades.Lincolns Presidency was dominated by the war. The country was going throughmajor changes socially and economically. Though Davis led the South throughdramatic changes, no change has ever had more importance than the abolishment ofslavery. Both the northern and the South gained knowledge from this horridexperience of war. Lincolns achievementssaving the Union and freeing theslavesand his martyrdom just at the wars end assured his continuing fame.Both men have made their historical marks due to their great deeds, and waysthey both sacrificed their devotion to shape our country. I agree with mosthistorians that Lincoln had qualities that made him a great American statesman.His keen intellect, humor and boldness, and compassion all contributed to hispresidency in unifying the nation and extending freedom.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Present and Future Benefits of Solar Powered Homes Essay -- Argumentat

Present and Future Benefits of Solar Powered Homes IntroductionThe following is a feasibility study on the lack to apply solar ability for homes and the benefits to be expected from it. This report contains information on the expected benefits of using solar power for homes in place of handed-down methods of power such as electricity and gas. Solar power is dependable to consumers because it saves them money compared to the increasingly high prices of conventional methods of generation. Solar power is also beneficial to society because it is much safer for our environment than the burning of fogy fuels or the use of nuclear power that is characteristic of gas and electricity power. This report explores solar power as an alternate and superior means of power generation for homes.Discussion and ResultsPhotovoltaicsA Path to Sustainable Futures, a ledger article by Joshua M. thrust states that since 1957, electricity direct in the US has increased by over 450% while the US populat ion has increased by only when 50%, which illustrates how the demand for electricity has grown. During the first half of the 20th century, the national average price of electricity decreased as more efficient generating units were brought into service and this general course has continued, but more electricity is needed so there is a need for different methods of generation like nuclear and solar power. Nuclear and fossil fuel generation have many negative environmental impacts, so there is a need for change which enables consumers to reduce dependence on these wounding technologies. PhotovoltaicsA Path to Sustainable Futures states that new technology such as solar power has become a primary focus for researchers and they not only believe solar power to be environmentally safer but more live effective as well. All of us are electricity consumers and thence are familiar with this issue that directly affects us. When looking at alternate ways to produce electricity, one matter that particularly stands out is the consumers cost for the use of electricity compared to the use of solar power. According to www.solcomhouse.com, over 200,000 homes in the U.S. use some type of solar technology and more than 10,000 homes are entirely power by solar energy.The advantages of using solar power for homes, also known as Photovoltaic systems, are numerous. Many solar-power... ...rgy.ReferencesPassive Solar Buildings by J. Douglas Baccomb is a discussion that we have used that explains a broad survey of solar power-energy technologies and the reasons for their increased use. WWW.solcomhouse.com by The Ozone Hole, Inc. is a web site that gives an overall rendering of solar power and its many uses. Convincing the Home Builder to Build Solar Homes-Evaluation of the Passive Solar Workshop for Builders by S. Klein is a journal article that discusses the increasing need for electricity and the most cost effective and environmentally safest way to keep up with the demand. Ph otovoltaics -- A Path to Sustainable Futures multitude 34, 20022002 by Joshua M. Pierce is another journal article that explains the technical, social, and economic benefits and limitations of PV technologies to provide electricity. Solar Heating Systems Analysis and Design with the Sun-Pulse Method by Gordon F. Tully is another book that we used for our background information on how solar energy systems work. WWW.Millionsolarroofs.com by the U.S. Department of Energy is a web site that contains information on giving medication programs supporting the use of solar power generation in homes.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Reward systems Essay -- essays research papers

CHAPTER 3 Reward systemsRESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1.INTRODUCTIONThe aim of this chapter is to explain, justify and account for the question methodology that has been selected in this study. In conducting the investigation, the researcher intends to conduct from a quantitative-descriptive design. A number of issues related to the research methodology will be extensively discussed below.3.2.METHODICAL ACCOUNT (RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE-DESCRIPTIVE)Thyer as cited by De Vos and Fouch (1998 77), defines a research design as a blueprint or detailed plan for how a research study is to be conducted operationalizing variables so they can be measured, selecting a sample of interest to study collecting data to be used as a basis for testing hypotheses, and analyzing the results. Hussey and Hussey (1997 54), also point out that research methodology refers to the overall approach evident in the research process from the theoretical foundation to the strategies that are used in the collection and an alysis of the data. So research methodology can be said to indicate the answers to questions as to how research should be designed, structured, approached and executed.In this study, the researcher has opted to conduct his investigation through the quantitative-descriptive paradigm. A randomised cross-sectional survey design will be used to investigate attitudes of employees with regard to reward systems. According to De Vos and Fouch (1998 127), the randomized cross-sectional design is scripted as followsR O1 Where, R = randomized selected subjectsO1 = administration of the questionnaireIt is through the relevant and appropriate quantitative research paradigm that the researcher hopes to conduct a controlled, purposive, accurate, systematic, and scientific research on the impact of reward systems on employee attitudes. The researcher also hopes that the quantitative research approach would enable him to arrive at findings that would have greater validity and less artificiality as a process of measuring the impact of rewards on employee attitudes.3.3.RESEA... ... caring professions. Pretoria J.L. van Schaik. Du Plooy, J.L., Griesel, G.A., and Oberholzer, M.O. (1993). Fundamental pedagogics for advanced students. quaternary Edition. PretoriaHaum.Greengard, S. (2004). Employee surveys ask the right questions, probe the answers for insight. Workforce precaution online, December, 2004, pp76 78. Available from http//www. Workforce.com.html Accessed 15 April 2005.Hussey, J and Hussey, R, (1997). Business research a practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. LondonMacamillanLocke, L.F., Spirduso, W.W., and Silverman, S.J. (1993). Proposals that work a guide for planning dissertations and grant proposals. 3rdEdition. London Sage Publications.Mancosa. (2003). Research methodology. Study guide diploma in management studies. Durban.Schurink, E.M. (1998). The methodology of unstructured face-to-face interviewing. In De Vos, A.S. (ed.) (1998). Research at grass roots a primer for the caring professions. Pretoria J.L. van Schaik. Strydom, H. De Vos, A.S. (1998). Sampling and try out methods. In De Vos, A.S. (ed.) (1998). Research at grass roots a primer for the caring professions. Pretoria J.L. van Schaik.

Animal Imagery in Timothy Findley’s The Wars Essay -- Timothy Findley

Animal Imagery in Timothy Findleys The WarsSigmund Freud once argued that our species has a volcanic potential to erupt in aggression . . . and that we defend not only positive survival instincts but also a self-destructive death instinct, which we usually displace towards others in aggression (Myers 666). Timothy Findley, born in 1930 in Toronto, Canada, explores our human predilection towards violence in his third romance, The Wars. It is human brutality that initiates the horrors of World War I, the war that takes place in this narrative. Findley dedicated this wise to the memory of his uncle, Thomas Irving Findley, who died at home of injuries inflicted in the First World War (Cude 75) and may have propelled him to feel so strongly about what stack really do to one another (Inside Memory 19). Findley feels a great fondness for animals, and this affection surfaces faithfully in many of his literary works. The Wars is a novel wrought with imagery, and the most often recurring pattern is that of animals. Throughout the novel, young Robert Ross strong connection with animals is continually depicted in his encounters with the creatures. Findley uses Robert to reveal the many similarities among humans and animals. The only quality, which we humans do not appear to share with our animal counterparts, is our inexplicable predisposition to needless savagery. In his video documentary, The Anatomy of a Writer, Findley describes his affinity for animals when he says that he has always been in awe of . . . animals. He has never understood where humankind picked up the idea that animals are less than people are-that man is everything. In The Wars, Findley stresses his touch that humans are no better and... ...s of humankind and the hostile environment we create. Although a common assumption is that animals are vicious and wild, there is no picture of this in the novel. Malice appears to be solely attributable to humankind. This is the truism that Findley depicts in his telling of the tragic story of Robert Ross. Works CitedCude, Wilf Truth Slips In Timothy Findleys Doors of manufacture The Antigonish Review, Spring 1996, vol 27 pp75. Findley, Timothy. Inside Memory Pages From a Writers Notebook. Harper Collins, Toronto 1990. Findley, Timothy. The Wars. Penguin Books, Toronto 1996. Macartney-Filgate, Terence. Timothy Findley Anatomy of a Writer. National Film Board of Canada, Toronto 1992. Myers, David G. Psychology 6th ed. value Publishers, New York 2001. Roberts, Carol. Timothy Findley Stories from a Life. ECW Press, Toronto 1994.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

The Glaciers of Yosemite National Park Essay -- Geology

The Glaciers of Yosemite guinea pig Park One of natures most powerful and influential forces is also virtuoso of natures coldest and slowest processes. These great icy rivers argon called glaciers and seduce formed some of the most beautiful scenery on this planet. These enormous frozen bodies of water atomic number 18 often thousands of feet wide and deep and many miles farsighted. They cover millions of acres of land and drastically change the land into beautiful mountains with many amazing features. One of the areas where glaciers have been most influential is in Yosemite National Park in California. Here almost every glacial feature is shown. However, before this information about glaciers in Yosemite was clear, there was the Yosemite Controversy with arguments of different views of how the valley originated. Glaciers are best described in this passage by naturalist John Muir (Bailey) (Guyton)The work of glaciers, especially the embark on they have played in sculpturing the face of the earth, is as yet but little understood, because they have so few loving observers willing to remain with them long enough to appreciate them. Water rivers work openly where people dwell, and so does the rain and the dew, and the great salt sea embracing all the world and still the universal ocean of air, though invisible, yet it speaks aloud in a thousand voices, and explains its modes of working and its power. But glaciers, back in their cold solitudes, work by from men, exerting their tremendous energies in silence and darkness. Outspread, spirit-like, they brood above the long predestined landscapes, working on unwearied though unmeasured ages, until, in the fullness of time, the mountains and valleys and plains are brought forth, channels furrowed for the rive... ... which shaped the valley even more. Rock scratch has shaped the Royal Arches and Mirror Lake. Recently in July of 1996, there was a large rock fall and in January of 1997 the Merced River flooded provi ng that the geology of Yosemite is a forever changing process that still goes on to this day. (Guyton)BibliographyBailey, Ronald H. Planet Earth Glacier. Time-Life Books Alexandria, 1982.Guyton, Bill. Glaciers of California. University of California Press Berkeley, 1998.Huber, N. King. The Geologic Story of Yosemite National Park. Yosemite AssociationYosemite National Park, 1989.Lutgens, Fredrick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck. Earth Science. Prentice Hall UpperSaddle River, 2002.Matthes, Francois E. The Incomparable Valley. University of California PressBerkeley, 1950.Tierney, Tim. Geology of the Mono Basin. Kutsavi Press Lee Vining, 1995.

The Glaciers of Yosemite National Park Essay -- Geology

The Glaciers of Yosemite National Park One of natures most powerful and influential forces is also one of natures coldest and slowest kneades. These great icy rivers are called glaciers and have create some of the most beautiful scenery on this planet. These enormous frozen bodies of water are often thousands of feet wide and deep and many miles massive. They cover millions of farming of land and drastically change the land into beautiful mountains with many amazing features. One of the areas where glaciers have been most influential is in Yosemite National Park in California. Here almost every glacial feature is shown. However, before this information about glaciers in Yosemite was clear, there was the Yosemite Controversy with arguments of different views of how the valley originated. Glaciers are beaver described in this passage by naturalist John Muir (Bailey) (Guyton)The work of glaciers, especially the part they have played in sculpturing the face of the earth, is as to t hat extent but little understood, because they have so few loving observers willing to remain with them long enough to appreciate them. Water rivers work openly where bulk dwell, and so does the rain and the dew, and the great salt sea embracing all the world and even the universal ocean of air, though invisible, yet it speaks aloud in a thousand voices, and explains its modes of working and its power. But glaciers, back in their cold solitudes, work apart from men, exerting their tremendous energies in silence and darkness. Outspread, spirit-like, they brood above the long predestined landscapes, working on unwearied though unmeasured ages, until, in the fullness of time, the mountains and valleys and plains are brought forth, channels furrowed for the rive... ... which regulate the valley even more. Rockfall has shaped the Royal Arches and Mirror Lake. Recently in July of 1996, there was a large rock fall and in January of 1997 the Merced River flooded proving that the geology of Yosemite is a forever changing process that still goes on to this day. (Guyton)BibliographyBailey, Ronald H. Planet Earth Glacier. Time-Life Books Alexandria, 1982.Guyton, Bill. Glaciers of California. University of California Press Berkeley, 1998.Huber, N. King. The Geologic Story of Yosemite National Park. Yosemite AssociationYosemite National Park, 1989.Lutgens, Fredrick K. and Edward J. Tarbuck. Earth Science. Prentice Hall speedSaddle River, 2002.Matthes, Francois E. The Incomparable Valley. University of California PressBerkeley, 1950.Tierney, Tim. Geology of the Mono Basin. Kutsavi Press Lee Vining, 1995.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Breaking Dawn Edward’s Pov Essay

I miss you already. I dont motif to leave. I can stay Mmm. It was the eve of our wedding and Bella and I were lying in her narrow hunch together, as was our habit. Though it was August, she was wrapped in her commonplace swaddling blanket, a protection against the chill of my skin. The bulky afghan did non prevent Bellas hands from wandering ab a government agency, exploring the unc multitudehed parts of my body. If she had her focussing, both(prenominal) of us would be even less clothed. I found shirtless to be ch t remote ensembleenge enough. With Bellas fingers probing the out origins of from each one muscle and bone above my waistband, her lips on mine, I was both awash in plea received and sinking into c one timern. Some might c both it cognitive process anxiety and I could non deny it. When ones performance was a matter of life and death, thither was no shame in that.Bella dragged her tongue across my top lip and a surge of desire chatoyant through me. It was all I c ould do to remain still and allow the sensation fade. If she were a vampire, I would work rolled on top of her, bleak off the bulky afghan and pressed my entire body into hers. I would have kissed her passionately, tasting her lips, her tongue, and pulling her as close to me as the laws of physics would allow. Ahhh I groaned and retreated from her c bessing hands and her delicious, w section tongue. Wait, Bella murmured, clutching my fortification. I watched as she kicked her right(a) leg free from the blanket and wrapped it nigh my waist. Practice makes perfect. I chuckled. Id essayd that one earlier.Numerous times. Well, we should be fairly close to perfection by this point, then, shouldnt we? Have you slept at all in the decision month? unless this is the dress rehearsal, she protested, and weve only practiced certain scenes. Its no time for playacting safe. Playing safe. My body froze as I handleed how aristocratic it would be to break Bellas arm, or tear out a hand ful of her beautiful hair, or snap her spine, or Bella go intot emerge this again. A deals a deal. I dont fare. Its too hard to concentrate when youre with me worry this. II cant think straight. I wont be able to control myself. Youll get hurt. Ill be fine. Bella ShhhBella put her hands on either side of my face and pressed her lips against mine. I would like to have been distracted by that, but it was too late. My discernment was already elsewhere, drifting from the thousand-and-one ways I could harm Bella to enumerating all she was giving up for meher family, her friendsher chance to be a mother, to grow old, to be interject something more than than what she was right now. It was too much to give just to be with me. In my mounting distress, I revisited an argument that Bella and I had had repeatedly. Id n incessantly convinced her before I dont know why I thought she might change her learning ability now. Its not right I dont want you to have to make sacrifices for me. I w ant to give you things, not take things away from you. I dont want to steal your future. If I were human Bella strangled my objections by putting her hand over my mouth. You are my future. Now stop. No moping, or Im calling your brothers to come and get you. Maybe you want a bachelor party.My brothers must have hold with her, for Emmetts thoughts suddenly interrupted my own. Maybe well diaphragm them with their clothes off Hope so. Ha, ha Oh, for the have intercourse of all thats holy Whats wrong? You dont have to call my brothers. Apparently Emmett and Jasper are not going to allow me stem turn out to nighttime. Bella tightened her grip for a moment before releasing me. Have fun, she said. Perhaps it would be better for Bella if I left. Then I wouldnt bemused her with the cold feet Id told her I didnt have. I had no second thoughts more or less marrying BellaI could hardly wait to do that My second thoughts were all approximately the wedding night. Yes, I should leave. Ma ybe she would get some sleep if I did. If you dont send Edward out, Emmett threatened in his best, creepy-monster voice, were attack in later him Bella laughed.Go Before they break my house. Kissing her forehead, I advised, Get to sleep. Youve got a big day tomorrow. Thanks Thats sure to suspensor me wind down. Ill follow you at the altar. I gave her a sly smile. Ill be the one in white, Bella announced nonchalantly, as if we were planning a rendezvous at the mall. I chuckled at that, considering the anxiety attacks that overcame her every time I mentioned the wedding. Very convincing, I tossed over my shoulder as I leaped out the window. My feet landed squarely on Emmetts head, knocking him to the ground. Dammit, that hurt Emmett stage whispered, as he jumped up and took a swing at me. I dodged the paper bag easily. His thoughts always gave him away. Youd better not make him late, I heard Bella warn my brothers.Jasper leaped up and grabbed the eaves outside Bellas window. He t urned on his comfort vibes. Dont worry, Bella. Well get him home in plenty of time. Jasper? What do vampires do for bachelor parties? Youre not taking him to a strip club, are you? she whispered to Jasper and I had to smile. As if that would be fun for me No woman had ever affected me like Bella did. Women could dip themselves in blood and parade around naked all day and it wouldnt do a thing for me. I should knowTanya had tried such tricks many times to get me into her bed. Dont tell her anything Emmett hissed at Jasper, earning himself a friendly forearm shove that knocked him to the groundagain. I could never beat Emmett if we fought strength to strength, but with my mind-reading skill, he rarely got in a unsloped punch. I laughed at his expression as he stood up and brushed the grass off his jeans. He tried to spirit casual as he readied himself for a surprise counterattack. Just as he launched himself at me, I took off running, knowing he couldnt catch me at full speed. Rel ax, I heard Jasper reply to Bella.We Cullens have our own version. Just a few mountain lions, a couple of grizzly bears. lovely much an ordinary night out. Jasper had told Bella the truth. We would be celebrating our boys night out with a hunt. I didnt need the blood at the moment, but it was still a good idea. If I fed now, then I wouldnt have to leave Bella to hunt for the first of all both weeks of our honeymoon. Besides, I only had one more day to remain chaste until Bella and I were married. I did not want to slip-up at this late dategetting out of Bellas bed would make that a whole lot easier. Running gave me time to think about the plump couple of months. As my fianc, Bella had accepted the black credit panel with her name on it attached to my account. Like the cell phone, Id presented it as a safety precaution, but shed started to use it for other things too, and that had been the point. Bella had spare her job at Newtons Olympic Outfitters, so she didnt have any pocket money to speak of. I was glad that shed quit. I pet not giving Mike Newton the opportunity to gape at and entertain salacious thoughts about my bride-to-be as was his habit.Also, I was happy that we could excrete more time together. I didnt have to part with her company for the three or four days a week she would have worked for what I considered to be spare change. Unless she really liked the joband I knew that she didntI saw no point in sacrificing our time together. It had been a neat summer. The only slight comedown had been the breed-in-law talk Charlie had initiated with me. I havent encountered many slew who could surprise me in the last eighty years, but Charlie was one who could. His mind was so quietin the sense of relatively impenetrable to methat while I could perceive his feelings, I often couldnt hear the inner talks that went with them. I didnt like the sense of insecurity it gave me not knowing what he was thinking. I was used to having more time to consider ho w to react to people than I ever had with Charlie.One evening five weeks preliminary, Charlie had grabbed my arm as Bella and I were leaving his house for the evening. Wed found a number of insular parking spots around the area and we liked to visit them as often as possible. Because hed surprised me, I reflex actionively yanked my arm out of his grip at my natural strength. Immediately, hed put both palms up as if he was surrendering. Hed mistaken my quick reflex as a sign of anger. The interaction reminded me of the television show Cops, in which hooligans whirl around and punch an arresting police officer just on principle. Charlie must get that a lot. I quickly raised my palms to indicate a mutual surrender. I would have smiled if I hadnt thought Charlie would symbolise it as a taunt. Bella had missed our interaction and was continuing toward the car.What can I do for you, Charlie? I inquired politely. I was just wondering what your folks think about you proposing to my youn g woman. Oh, they love her, they really do. Thats not exactly what I meant. No? I wasnt going to help him interrogate me. NouhI meant what do they think of you getting married right out of high school? Oh Well, you know they got married quite young themselves. Esme already had Jasper and Rosalie to look after when she met Carlisle. They flee in love and Carlisle wanted to help support the kids, so he proposed when Esme was younger than he might have otherwise. Theyve been extremely happy, so they dont have any prejudice against getting married young. Do you think youre old enough to handle this kind of responsibility? Thats my daughter youre promising to support for the rest of your life. Are you one hundred percent sure that youre ready for that? I will be in that location for Bella. I can assure you of that.What if you screw it up and things fall apart? Charlie pressed. I thought about that for a moment before answering. I knew what he was referring to without having to read his thoughts. There are many ways I could mess things up, I admitted. Ive already made mistakes with Bella. I know that. I wasnt here for her when she needed me. I swear to you, Charlie, I left because I wanted Bella to have a chance to find somebody better than me. But I found that I couldnt live without her and so I came back. Jacob might be a better choice for her, but she still wants me and as long as she does, I wont leave her. I dont make the same mistakes twice. Charlie just gave me his dark-eyed, policemans stare. I didnt blame him. Hed watched Bella suffer daily after I abandoned her. Jacob had impressed upon me all the painful details he could get hold about that time. Jacobs a good young man, Charlie finally responded, but I wouldnt want him marrying her at his age, either.I took another moment to consider my response, and then sighed, knowing Id never convince him with talking to. The only way to know whether Ill be good for Bella is with time. I cant offer you proof, but I love her more than my own life and I will take care of her, Charlie. I just hope that I can make her as happy as she makes me, though I hardly think its possible. Charlies stare didnt change, so I continued. If it makes you feel any better, my family is behind us, and you know Carlisle well enough to know that he would never let Bella downeven if I did. My family would step in for me. Thats just the way my parents are. Theyre great people. I know they areEdward. I trust Carlisle and thats why Im not making more of a fuss about this. I acknowledged his statement with a nod. Just so you know, CharlieBella and I discussed eloping to Las Vegas and marrying without telling anyone. But Bella didnt want to cut you out of her decision in that way, so we decided to make it a family event.I knew there was something going on Charlie exclaimed. I had a feeling you two were going to take off together Bella wants you there to walk her down the aisle, or the stairs, rather. I hope you can see y our way clear to do that for her on her day. Charlie nodded stiffly and I turned to follow Bella to the car. Thats a fancy car you got my daughter. Yes, its a loaner. Carlisle called in a favor for me. Its a very safe car. Well, thats good. You can hardly get a car thats safe enough to make out the roads with all the bad drivers and drunk drivers out there. I agree. Goodnight, Charlie. Night. Charlie shut the front door and I saw that Bella was coming back to get me. I hurried toward her.What was all that about? Charlie wanted to have a little man-to-man talk about his precious daughter, but I told him I agreed with everything he said, so he loves me now. I grinned and winked at Bella. She didnt buy it. No, what did he really want? she demanded. Tell me, or Ill march right back and ask him I sighed. Charlie just wanted to warn me about the dangers of marrying too young and make sure I was knew what I was doing. What did you say? I said that I was old for my age, I replied, giving h er a crooked smile. You did not Sure, why not? I am, arent I? I teased. Ancient. I should be grossed out being with you.Fortunately, I still look good and thats what really counts. We both laughed and, to my relief, Bella dropped the subject.Bellas mother, Renee, had flown in two days earlier and Bella was sticking close to her except when our mothers worked on the wedding. It was odd behavior for a bride-to-be, but I wasnt marrying Bella because she was like everyone else. Quite the opposite. When Id come home two evenings previous, Renee was visiting Esme. In an attempt to demonstrate her acceptance of me as her almost son-in-law, Renee had dashed across the living live and thrown her arms around my neck. Welcome to our family, Edward shed said. I thought perhaps she was overexcited by the trip or by meeting my family. I hadnt evaluate such an exuberant greeting, though she had no particular misgivings about Bella marrying me. Renee ended the squash abruptly when her arms encou ntered my cold, hard self. Hmm, she mumbled as she broke off contact. overweight body was her thought, and I almost laughed out loud. The picture in her mind was complimentary, not literal.She was imagining what my upper body looked like without a shirt. Id already gotten acquainted enough with Renee when Bella and I went to Florida that I knew she didnt mean anything by it. A cougarjust like Bella, I thought, and smiled to myself. It was a little melancholy to meet Renee again, knowing that this was the last time Bella would see her, or possibly even talk to her on the phone. As I watched Bella over the course of the two days, I sensed that she was saying her goodbyes. If Id had to give up Carlisle and Esme to be with Bella, I could have done it. I had given them up once before. But it was hard to accept that I could make Bella happy enough to give up seeing her parents. Id asked her again last night whether she was prepared to do that and her response had been, Are you trying to ditch me? Then wed started laughing and the question had gotten lost.My brothers and I didnt get back from hunting until a couple of hours before the wedding. Esme collared us immediately and sent us to the back garden to hang f put down garlands for Alice. It had to be done at the last minute or the August day would wilt them. Alice had prohibited me from going anywhere near where she was preparing Bella, so I headed to my third-floor room to make myself presentable. Alice had changed my old-fashioned tuxedo just enough to convert it from vintage to vintage chic, as she put it. It did look good, I had to admit.I tried to neaten my normally unruly hair. I put some hair gel on it and convinced it to lie down in a semi-orderly fashion. After a time, Jasper came upstairs to tell me that the first guests were arriving. He and Emmett would be ushering them to their seats. Of course, Jasper could have told me that from downstairs, but Alice had specifically asked him to come get me, so that I wouldnt be parading down the brides decorated stairway in full view of the guests. I walked outside through the kitchen door, telling Carlisle that Id be waiting out back. He and Esme were standing by the front door to greet everyone as they arrived. This was the most important day of my life, but I hoped to have infinitely more wonderful days to jollify with my Bella. I felt exceedingly fortunate that she wanted me as I wanted her. I could have lost her so easily.I heard the Denali family arrive and recognized Tanyas mental voice Wheres Edward? It will be good to see that man againmmm hmm Who is this human girl? I cant imagine Edward with a woman, not even a vampire woman. This will be interesting I smiled, glad to be escaping Tanyas clutches for good. Shed given me a hard time when we were living in Alaska. She wasnt used to being told no thank you. Neither vampires nor human being ever turned down Tanyas advances. She was beautiful and charming, everything a man could want. She just wasnt for me and she never could accept that. It was one of the reasons Carlisle decided to move our family further south. He told everyone that we were too conspicuous and perhaps we were, all there together, but Id had the chance to hear another reason in his mindthat Tanya cant leave Edward alone. My father empathized when Tanya had set her sights on me. Carlisle had had plenty of pushy admirers.During his first few weeks at a new hospital, nurses would line up three deep to ogle him. He had to temper that initial interest by telling some number of them that he was happily married, thank you. Of course, he wore a wedding ring, but that didnt discourage everyone. Once people met Esme, though, they usually stopped chasing Carlisle. She was simply too beautiful, inside and out, to compete with. I know Esme had always worried that I wasnt fully mature as a man when Carlisle had changed me and that I might never find, or even press for, a mate. It was true that I wasnt interested in any of the Denali ladies.And after the trouble Id had with Rosalie when she joined our family, I didnt stockpile anything good could come of such interest anyway. When the Denalis met the only bachelor vampire theyd seen in years, each of them had set about seeking my affection. I didnt blame them, particularly. Perhaps theyd gotten tired of human men and wanted someone more durable to partner with for a change. I could understand that to a certain degree. I didnt go inside to greet the Denalis or any of the other arrivals. I couldnt focus on anyone but Bellait seemed like such a long time since Id seen her.I was trying to reason myself out of an irrational fear that she wasnt really there in our house, that she had changed her mind and would leave me standing alone at the altar. If I listened, I could hear her voice now and then, but I couldnt hear her thoughts and that had never bothered me so much as it did at that moment. To distract myself, I listened at random to our guests thoughts and found that everyone was astonished by the decorations. Alice had put her all into planning this wedding and it showed. The flowers alone were beyond imagining. Exquisitely fragrant arrangements covered every surface of our living room and the reception area outside. Alice was particularly warm of flowers. I thought perhaps it was because shed been deprived of beauty for so many years at the asylum. Whatever the reason, it was a boon for us all. Rosalie had started playing my grand piano, making the one instrument sound like several. I knew that Pachelbels slewon in D was my cue to enter the living room with Carlisle and stand in front of the flower-covered archway.He would come looking for me in the kitchen when the time came, so I walked back into the house. In due course, Carlisle came to retrieve me and after a final, heartfelt hug, we took our assigned places in front of the assembled crowd. I stood, frozen with emotion, and watched anxiously for my beloved to appear at the top of the stairs on her fathers arm. I had waited a lifetime to stand in front of these witnesses and declare my undying devotion to the one and only woman I would ever love. Time had stopped making sense when I finally heard the familiar C-F-F-F notes of Here Comes the Bride. I could not believe my look when an angel from enlightenment began to descend the stairs, one by one, her eyes lowered to watch her feet. It was only when I heard her whisper Dont let me fall, Dad, that I knew for sure it was Bellamy Bella. I fretted for a second that my angel might fall and I readied myself to dash across the room to catch her.Seeing the groom thaw and reappear somewhere else would not go over well with anybody, though I reasoned that all of the guests would be looking at Bella, not at me. Still, perhaps we should have served champagne before the ceremony, just in case something like that did happenbut then, Bella was descending the final step. She lifted her face, searching for me. When our eyes finally met, a look of such utter bliss crossed her face that I broke into an ecstatic smile. Bellas feelings often were written on her face, but today her expression was utterly transparent. The adoration in her eyes was unmistakable and I was jubilant enough to break out in linealmost. Our eyes remained glued to each other while Bella carefully traversed the fifteen-foot aisle that Alice had kept short to give Bella a fair chance of remaining upright.With the way she looked in that dress, with that makeup, with everythingthe glow, the scarlet blush, the prisms of tears in her eyesI wanted to rush down the aisle to meet her and carry her back to the altar. But I remained patient, stretching out my palm so that Charlie could place Bellas hand in mine. He regarded me seriously as he did so and I nodded my thank you to him for his great sacrifice. Charlie seated himself beside Renee, with Phil on her other side, and Bella and I turned to face the min ister. I loved the traditional wedding ceremony with its promises and pronouncements, but on this occasion, each word resonated with newly unveiled meaning. When I declared I do to my beloved, Id never been happier in my life. I wanted to repeat the words in every language I knew. My lovely new wife was overcome with emotion. When I leaned over to kiss her for the first time as her husband, Bellas arms encircled my neck and she held on as if she would never let me go. The audience had disappearedshe only had eyes for me. I kissed her with a swell of love and center that made my eyes burn with the tears that didnt come, and she met my passion with her own. Emotion poured from her as she clung to me, melding her lips with mine as if we were utterly alone in that moment.I did not mind in the least. Bella was happy to be married to meI could feel it in my bones. When the guests began to titter, I eased my loves face gently away from mine and looked into her tear-filled eyes. I felt my happiness radiate from me like the heat of a coal fire and I wondered briefly if my skin was sparkling in its glow. When Emmett cleared his throat unsubtly, I turned us both to face the loved ones who had gathered there and everyone broke into smiles and quiet laughter. I could not let go of Bella for a second. I wrapped my arm around her waist and practically carried her down the aisle when she forgot to move her feet. Fortunately, they were hidden by the length of her dress. some other detail that Alice had not overlooked. Bella was so stunningly beautiful that I wasnt surprised to hear a number of inappropriate thoughts as the reception line shuffled slowly past us and on to the buffet.Alice had timed things well, so that the vampires would not have to step outside until twilight, just in case the sun came out. It was good that she did, because we had a beautiful wedding day with plenty of sunshine filtering through the ancient cedars. I was extraordinarily pleased that Billy Bl ack and Sue and exercise set Clearwater had come to the wedding. Despite the Cullens official status as mortal enemies of their tribe, the three of them were there in support of Bella and Charlie, and perhaps as a gesture of gratitude to Carlisle as well. Seth was there for me, too. Our friendship had not faded since wed joined forces to battle Victoria and Riley.Congrats, guys, Seth said, coming toward me with his arms out. I hugged him with one arm while I held Bella tightly with the other. Its good to see things work out for you, man. Im happy for you. Thank you, Seth. That means a lot to me. Releasing Seth, I faced Billy and Sue with honest gratitude. I knew they were not there for me. Thank you, as well. For letting Seth come. For supporting Bella today. Youre welcome, Billy replied cordially and I hoped his attitude boded well for the change that was coming. I didnt know how I was going to approach the Quileute wolf pack about Bellas upcoming transformation.It was possible th at if we left the area to avoid their ancient vendetta, that Jacob still would come to hunt us down. He had no motivation to let me change Bella, but I hoped that he and all the wolves would agree to the one exception to our treaty. Billy wasnt giving anything away with his thoughts, but Sues mind was full of concern about being in a house with so many vampires. As the receiving line moved along, the only fairly awkward moment was introducing Tanya to Bella. Ah, Edward, Ive missed you, Tanya said, pulling herself close to me in an intimate embrace. She lingered a bit too long in my one-armed hugon purpose. I chuckled at her audacity as I employed one of Carlisles tricks for dealing with forward womento press her shoulder away as if to admire the full length of her. Its been too long, Tanya. You look well. Though Bella would never believe it, her beauty outshone Tanyas many times over in my eyes. So do you, Tanya replied, a familiar note of longing in her voice. With a great swellin g of pride, I interjected, Let me introduce you to my wife.Kate and Carmen giggled at the emphasis. My joy at using that word for the first time sang in my words. Tanya, this is my Bella. Bella had been uncertain about inviting Tanya and her coven, but Id convinced her that as encompassing familyorphans, to bootthey must be included. I also wanted Tanya there specifically to underscore the point that I was officially and permanently unavailable. Welcome to the family, Bella, Tanya responded appropriately, if not altogether enthusiastically. We consider ourselves Carlisles extended family, and I am sorry about the, er, recent incident when we did not behave as such. We should have met you sooner. Can you forgive us? Of course. Its so nice to meet you, Bella replied, blushing. I noted the brief flare of excitement among my cousins at the rush of blood before each of them contained it. The Cullens are all evened up in numbers now. Perhaps it will be our turn next, eh, Kate? Tanya grin ned. Kates sarcastic sense of humor kicked in. keep on the dream alive, she said, rolling her eyes. Welcome, Bella. Kate took Bellas hand and Carmen stepped up to add hers. Im Carmen, this is Eleazar. Were all so very pleased to finally meet you. M-me, too, Bella stuttered. I thought she was holding up well considering she was meeting my relatives for the first time. Well get to know each other later. Well have eons of time for that Tanya remarked, laughing. I enjoyed performing the rituals of the wedding celebration. Alice had ordered a gorgeous, artfully decorated cake, its beauty being the only aspect of it I could truly appreciate. I did not relish swallowing the podgy blob Bella pushed toward my face, but that could not be avoided with such an attentive audience.Flashbulbs popped, capturing the uncomfortable moment for all time. Bella tossed her bouquet to Angela, who blushed puce and carefully avoided the eyes of her escort, Ben, which are six inches lower than her own. When it came time to lift Bellas skirt and remove her garter with my teeth, she blushed hotly while Jasper and Emmett guffawed at her embarrassment. I wasnt allowed to venture too far up her dress, since she slid the garter below her knee before I got the chance. Still, it was a fun moment, biting the elastic band and dragging it slowly down her calf. After detaching it from her leg, I stretched the elastic into a slingshot, aiming for Mike Newtons head. The garter snapped him in the forehead and his mouth dropped open.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Assessment Of Learning Essay

sagacity of encyclopaedism refers to strategies physical bodyed to confirm what schoolchilds know, demonstrate whether or not they fox met curriculum protrudecomes or the goals of their individualized programs, or to certify improvement and strain decisions about disciples future programs or placements. It is designed to brook evidence of run away to p arnts, other educators, the students themselves, and sometimes to outside groups (e. g. , employers, other educational institutions). appraisal of eruditeness is the discernment that becomes public and results in statements or symbols about how well students are cultivation.It frequently gos to pivotal decisions that will affect students futures. It is important, then, that the underlying logic and measurement of discernment of acquisition be credible and invulnerable. TEACHERS ROLES IN judging OF LEARNING Because the consequences of estimate of study are often far-reaching and affect students seriously, teache rs have the responsibility of reporting student reading finishedly and fairly, based on evidence obtained from a variety of contexts and applications. effectual judgment of attainment requires that teachers provide a rationale for undertaking a particular estimation of scholarship at a particularpoint in time clear descriptions of the intended schooling processes that install it possible for students to demonstrate their competence and skill a range of alternative mechanisms for assessing the same outcomes public and defensible reference points for reservation judgements Rethinking classroom sound judgement with Purpose in Mind.55 The purpose of assessment that typically comes at the end of a course or unit of instruction is to determine the extent to which the instructional goals have been achieved and for grading or certification of student achievement. (Linn and Gronlund, Measurement and Assessment in Teaching ) objurgationThink about an example of assessment of le arning in your have got teaching and try to develop it further as you read this chapter. 56 Rethinking classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5 transparent approaches to interpretation descriptions of the assessment process strategies for recourse in the event of disagreement about the decisions With the encourage of their teachers, students squeeze out look forward to assessment of learning tasks as occasions to show their competence, as well as the depth and breadth of their learning. PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING.The purpose of assessment of learning is to measure, certify, and report the levelof students learning, so that reasonable decisions can be made about students. There are many potency users of the tuition teachers (who can use the culture to communicate with parents about their childrens proficiency and progress) parents and students (who can use the results for making educational and vocational decisions) potential employers and post-secondary institutions (who can use the training to make decisions about hiring or acceptance) principals, district or divisional administrators, and teachers (who can use the information to review and revise programming).Assessment of learning requires the collection and interpretation of information about students accomplishments in important curricular areas, in ways that represent the nature and complexity of the intended learning. Because genuine learning for understanding is much more than just recognition or recall of facts or algorithms, assessment of learning tasks pauperisation to enable students to show the complexity of their understanding. Students indispens readiness to be able to apply key concepts, knowledge, skills, and attitudes in ways that are authentic and consistent with current thinking in the knowledge domain.What am Iassessing? why am I assessing? Rethinking classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind 57 Assessment of Learning In assessment of learning, the method s chosen need to address the intended curriculum outcomes and the continuum of learning that is required to reach the outcomes. The methods must allow all students to show their understanding and produce sufficient information to realize credible and defensible statements about the nature and quality of their learning, so that others can use the results in appropriate ways.Assessment of learning methods include not solitary(prenominal) tests and examinations, butalso a rich variety of products and demonstrations of learningportfolios, exhibitions, consummations, presentations, simulations, multimedia projects, and a variety of other written, oral, and visual methods (see Fig. 2. 2, Assessment Tool Kit, page 17).What assessment method should I use? Graduation Portfolios Graduation portfolios are a requirement for graduation from British Columbia and Yukon Senior Years schools. These portfolios comprise collections (electronic or printed) of evidence of students accomplishments at school, home, and in the community, including demonstrations oftheir competence in skills that are not measured in examinations. Worth four credits toward graduation, the portfolios begin in pock 10 and are completed by the end of Grade 12.The following are some goals of graduation portfolios Students will adopt an active and reflective character reference in planning, managing, and assessing their learning. Students will demonstrate learning that complements intellectual development and course-based learning. Students will plan for successful transitions beyond Grade 12. Graduation portfolios are prepared at the school level and are based on specific Ministry criteria and standards.Students use the criteria and standards as guides for planning, collecting, and presenting their evidence, and for self-assessing. Teachers use the criteria and standards to assess student evidence and assign marks. There are three major components of a graduation portfolio 1. Portfolio Core (30 per cent of the mark). Students must complete requirements in the following six portfolio organizers arts and design (respond to an art, performance, or design work) community involvement and responsibility (participate co-operatively and respectfully in aservice activity) education and career planning (complete a graduation transition plan) employability skills (complete 30 hours of work or volunteer experience) information technology (use information technology skills) someoneal health (complete 80 hours of moderate to intense physical activity).2. Portfolio Choice (50 percent of the mark). Students go ballistic on the above areas, choosing additional evidence of their achievements. 3. Portfolio Presentation (20 percent of the mark). Students celebrate their learning and reflect at the end of the portfolio process. ( Portfolio Assessment and Focus Areas A curriculum Guide) 58 Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5 Assessment of learning needs to be very car efully constructed so that the information upon which decisions are made is of the highest quality.Assessment of learning is designed to be summative, and to produce defensible and accurate descriptions of student competence in relation to defined outcomes and, occasionally, in relation to other students assessment results. Certification of students proficiency should be based on a rigorous, reliable, valid, and equitable process of assessment and evaluation. reliabilityReliability in assessment of learning depends on how accurate, consistent, fair, and free from bias and distortion the assessment is.Teachers might ask themselves Do I have enough information about the learning of this particular student to make a definitive statement? Was the information collected in a way that gives all students an have-to doe with chance to show their learning? Would another teacher arrive at the same conclusion? Would I make the same decision if I considered this information at another tim e or in another way?Reference Points Typically, the reference points for assessment of learning are the learningoutcomes as identify in the curriculum that make up the course of study. Assessment tasks include measures of these learning outcomes, and a students performance is interpreted and reported in relation to these learning outcomes. In some sites where selection decisions need to be made for limited positions (e. g. , university entrance, scholarships, employment opportunities), assessment of learning results are utilize to sheer(a) students.In such norm-referenced enter sites, what is being measured needs to be clear, and the way it is being measured needs to be transparent to anyone who might use the assessmentresults. Validity Because assessment of learning results in statements about students proficiency in wide areas of study, assessment of learning tasks must reflect the key knowledge, concepts, skills, and dispositions set out in the curriculum, and the statements and inferences that emerge must be upheld by the evidence collected. How can I ensure quality in this assessment process?Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind 59 Assessment of Learning Record-Keeping Whichever approaches teachers choose for assessment of learning, it is their records that provide details about the quality of the measurement.Detailed records of the various components of the assessment of learning are essential, with a description of what each component measures, with what accuracy and against what criteria and reference points, and should include supporting evidence related to the outcomes as justification. When teachers keep records that are exposit and descriptive, they are in an excellent position to provide meaningful reports to parents and others. Merely a symbolic representation of a students accomplishments (e. g. , a letter grade or percentage) is inadequate. newspapers to parents and others should identify theintended learning that the repo rt covers, the assessment methods used to gather the supporting information, and the criteria used to make the judgement. Feedback to Students Because assessment of learning comes most often at the end of a unit or learning cycle, feedback to students has a less obvious effect on student learning than assessment for learning and assessment as learning. Nevertheless, students do Ho w can I use the information from this assessment? Guidelines for Grading.1. Use curriculum learning outcomes or some clustering of these (e. g. , strands) as the basis for grading. 2.Make sure that the meaning of grades comes from clear descriptions of curriculum outcomes and standards. If students achieve the outcome, they get the grade. (NO bell curves ) 3. Base grades only on individual achievement of the targeted learning outcomes. Report effort, participation, and attitude, for example, separately, unless they are a stated curriculum outcome. Any penalties (e. g. , for late work, absences), if used, s hould not distort achievement or motivation.4. have student performance using a variety of methods. Do not include all assessments in grades. countenance ongoing feedback on formativeperformance using words, rubrics, or checklists, not grades. 5. Keep records in pencil so they can be updated easily to take into consideration more recent achievement. Provide second-chance assessment opportunities (or more). Students should receive the highest, most consistent mark, not an fair mark for multiple opportunities. 6. Crunch numbers carefully, if at all. Consider using the median, mode, or statistical measures other than the mean. Weight components within the final grade to ensure that the intended importance is given to each learning outcome.7. Make sure that each assessment meets quality standards (e.g. , there should be clear targets, clear purpose, appropriate target-method match, appropriate sampling, and absence of bias and distortion) and is properly recorded and maintained (e. g. , in portfolios, at conferences, on tracking sheets). 8. Discuss and involve students in grading at the beginning and throughout the teaching and learning process. (Adapted from OConnor, How to Grade for Learning ) ResourceMarzano, Transforming Classroom Grading 60 Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5 rely on their marks and on teachers comments as indicators of their level ofsuccess, and to make decisions about their future learning endeavours. Differentiating Learning In assessment of learning, differentiation occurs in the assessment itself. It would make little sense to ask a near-sighted person to demonstrate driving proficiency without glasses. When the driver uses glasses, it is possible for the examiner to get an accurate picture of the drivers ability, and to certify him or her as proficient.In much the same way, differentiation in assessment of learning requires that the necessary accommodations be in place that allow students to make the part icular learning visible. doubled forms of assessment offer multiple pathways for making student learning transparent to the teacher. A particular curriculum outcome requirement, such as an understanding of the favorable studies notion of conflict, for example, might be demonstrated through visual, oral, dramatic, or written representations.As long as writing were not an explicit component of the outcome, students who have difficulties with written language, for example, would then have the same opportunity to demonstrate their learning as other students. Although assessment of learning does not always lead teachers to discoverinstruction or resources, it has a profound effect on the placement and promotion of students and, consequently, on the nature and differentiation of the future instruction and programming that students receive. Therefore, assessment results need to be accurate and detailed enough to allow for wise recommendations. reporting There are many possible approaches to reporting student proficiency. Reporting assessment of learning needs to be appropriate for the audiences for whom it is intended, and should provide all of the information necessary for them to make reasoned decisions. Regardless of the form of the reporting,however, it should be honest, fair, and provide sufficient detail and contextual information so that it can be clearly understood. Traditional reporting, which relies only on a students average score, provides little information about that students skill development or knowledge. One alternate mechanism, which recognizes many forms of success and provides a profile of a students level of performance on an emergent-proficient continuum, is the parent- student-teacher conference. This forum provides parents with a great deal of information, and reinforces students responsibility for their learning.The Communication System Continuum From Symbols to Conversations (OConnor, How to Grade for Learning ) Grades Report cards (grades and brief comments) Infrequent informal chats Parent-teacher interviews Report cards with expanded comments Frequent informal communication Student-involved conferencing Student-led conferencing Reflection What forms do your reports of student proficiency take? How do these differ according to audience? Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind 61 Assessment of Learning An Example of Assessment of LearningElijah was interested in assessing student mastery of both(prenominal) the modern and the conventional skills required for option in the Nunavut environment where he teaches.The overarching theme of option is taught in the early grades and culminates at the senior level in a course delivered in Inuktitut. Students learn how to take care of themselves and others, and how to adapt what they know to the situation at hand. excerpt requires not only skills and knowledge, but also a concept the Inuit people call qumiutit, or the ability in an emergency situation to pul l out of stored memory information that will enable a person to cope, not panic.Traditionally, this was learned in a holistic manner, grounded in Inuit traditional guiding principles that were nurtured and developed from birth, and taught and reinforced in daily living. Throughout the term, Elijah took his students to an outdoor area to practise on-the-land survival activities, using both traditional and modern methods. He always took with him a knowledgeable Elder who could give the students the information they needed to store away in case of emergency. The students watched demonstrations of a skill a number of times. distributively student then practised on his or her own, as Elijah and the Elder observed and assisted.Elijah knew that students need to have a high level of expertise in the survival skills appropriate for the northern natural environment. Elijah assessed each student on each survival skill (e. g. , making fire the traditional way, bind the knots required for the qamutik cross-pieces on a sled). What am I assessing? I am assessing each students performance of traditional and modern survival skills. Why am I assessing? I want to know which survival skills each s tudent has know and their readiness to s urvive in the natural environment.62 Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in MindChapter 5 Elijah knew that the best way to determine if students have mastered the skills is to have them perform them. When students believed they were ready, Elijah created an opportunity for them to demonstrate the mastered skill to a group of Elders, who then (individually, then in consensus) determined if the performance was satisfactory. A students competence in a survival skill is often demonstrated by an end product. For example, competence in knot tying is demonstrated by a knot that serves its purpose, and competence in fire building is demonstrated by a fire that is robust.As the Elders judged each students performance of the skills, Elijah re corded the results. He shared the information with each student and his or her parents in a final report, as shown here. Ho w can I use the informatio n from this assessment? right off that I know which skills each of the students has mastered, I can report this information to the s tudents and their parents. I can use this information to identify a learning path for each s tudent. How can I ensure quality in this assessment process? Ensuring quality with this approach involves clear criteria either the student performs the skill s uccessfully or does not.I need to provide adequate opportunities for the s tudent to demonstrate the skills under various conditions and at various times. What assessment method should I use? I need an approach in which students can demonstrate the traditional survival skills that they learned. The method I choose should also allow me to identify which skills they did not master. Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind 63 Assessment of Lear ning Shelters emergency shelters igloo building4 qamaq5 tents Transportation needs making the knots required for the qamutik cross pieces on a sled building a kayak/umiak. fixing a snowmobile (spark plugs, repairing track, drive belt) keeping a boat seaworthy Navigational issues reading the land reading the sky understanding seasonal variations reading inuksuit using GPS map reading Preparation for land function packing a qamutiq (sled) load, balance necessities snow knife, rope, food, water, heat source letting others know where you are going necessary tools, supplies, snowmobile parts, fuel using communication devices Food sources plants and their nutritional properties hunting, skinning, and cutting up seal, caribou, etc. kinds of food to take on the land,and their nutritional properties ____________________4. Expertise in igloo building includes understanding of types of snow, the public figure and fit of blocks, and the use of a snow- knife. 5. A qamaq is a rounded house, built of scrap wood or bones, and covered with skins, cardboard, or canvas. Report on Survival Skills Student _______________________________________________ Date _______________________ Traditional Survival Skills Modern Survival Skills Adaptability to the Seasons Attitude Success Next Steps 1) Skills Building a fire / means of keeping warm fuel sources getting a spark propane heaters, stoves clothing.2) Relationship to the Seasons Assessing conditions / recognizing danger signs seasonal changes land changes water changes wind changes weather changes Climatic changes weather changes and how this affects the land and water knowledge of animals and their characteristics and behaviours 3) Attitudinal Influences (Having the right attitude to learn) respect for the environment (cleaning up a campsite upon leaving, dealing with the remains of an animal, not over-hunting/fishing) respect for Elders and their knowledge ability to learn from Elders 64 Ret hinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind Chapter 5.Elijahs report place which of the students had mastered the specified skills required to survive in the Nunavut environment. It outlined other areas (such as adaptability to the seasons and attitudinal influences) about which peers, parents, and family members would need to provide input before a comprehensive assessment could be made. The assessment also identified those students not yet ready to survive in the natural environment. But the Elders did not stop working with the students who did not reach mastery. Elders see learning as an individual path in which skills, knowledge, and attitudes are acquired along the way.If a particular skill was beyond the capability of a student, the Elders identified other areas where that person could contribute to the common good of the community, and was accepted for the gifts he or she brought to the group. In this way, the Elders helped Elijah differentiate the learning path for ea ch of his students. SUMMARY OF PLANNING ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Assessment for Learning Assessment as Learning Assessment of Learning Why Assess? to enable teachers to determine next steps in advancing student learning to guide and provide opportunities for each student to monitor and critically reflect on his or her learning, andidentify next steps Assess What?Each students progress and learning needs in relation to the curricular outcomes each students thinking about his or her learning, what strategies he or she uses to support or challenge that learning, and the mechanisms he or she uses to adjust and advance his or her learning What Methods? a range of methods in different modes that make students skills and understanding visible a range of methods in different modes that elicit students learning and metacognitive processes Ensuring Quality accuracy and consistency of observations and interpretations of student learning. clear, detailed learning expectations accurate, detailed notes for descriptive feedback to each student accuracy and consistency of students self-reflection, self-monitoring, and self-adjustment engagement of the student in considering and challenging his or her thinking students record their own learning Using the Information provide each student with accurate descriptive feedback to further his or her learning differentiate instruction by continually checking where each student is in relation to the curricular outcomes provide parents or guardians with descriptive feedback about studentlearning and ideas for support. provide each student with accurate descriptive feedback that will help him or her develop independent learning habits have each student focus on the task and his or her learning (not on getting the right answer) provide each student with ideas for adjusting, rethinking, and articulating his or her learning provide the conditions for the teacher and student to discuss alternatives students report about their learn ing Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind. 65 Assessment of Learning to certify or inform parents or others of students proficiency inrelation to curriculum learning outcomes the extent to which students can apply the key concepts, knowledge, skills, and attitudes related to the curricular outcomes a range of methods in different modes that assess both product and process accuracy, consistency, and fairness of judgements based on high-quality information clear, detailed learning expectations fair and accurate summative reporting indicate each students level of learning provide the foundation for discussions on placement or promotion report fair, accurate, and detailed information that can be used to decide the next steps in a students learning.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Holes Essay

Novels are extremely important part in peoples life. They teach us valuable lessons and provide an lose from the real world. Louis Sachars novel Holes, entirelyows teenagers to feel for the characters and also in allows them to uphold to what character is going through. In the novel Holes, there are many characters that teenagers can relate to. One of these characters is Stanley. Stanley is the main character from the novel. When he first arrives at Camp Green Lake Stanley was bullied by the inmates and put in his place. He soon became friends with the inmates from group D. E preciseone in group D had a nickname. Stanley had yet to get one but when he was called Caveman for the first time he finally felt that he was accepted into the group. you coming caveman? Said squid. Stanley looked around to see that armpit and squid were talking to him.Another character from the novel that teenagers can relate to is secret code. Zero is a small, shy character who Stanley becomes great fri ends with in the beginning of the novel. When Zero became friends with Stanley, the reader learnt that Zero is silent because he does not like answering questions because he is cautious of people like Mr. Pendanski, who always mock him. Teenagers can relate to this because they are always wary of what people think about them. Zero was called lumpish and dull all the time which makes Zero angry but he cant do anything about it because he is a lot littler than the rest of the inmates. He is so stupid he doesnt even know he is stupid. Zero represents an incompetent teenager that we can all relate to at some point in our life.Louis Sachar uses many themes in the novel Holes. One of these themes is friendship. The benefits of forming solid friendships are clearly sh make in the text. Stanley and Zeros friendship leads to survival and wealth. Once Stanley became Zeros friend he feels happier than he has ever felt in his life. False friends who are only hospitable when they are getting s omething they want, like X-Ray, are shown to be dangerous. Once X-Ray stops getting benefits out of his friendship with Stanley, he becomes hostile towards him. Another very important theme from the novel is Bullying. Bullying is used throughout the novel, which helps teenagers feel and understand what the characters are going through. Bullying is the act upon a person or persons causing harm physically or mentally. This theme adds extra emotion to the novel.The two characters Zero and Stanley are used to generate an authentic and recognisable look in the book. Stanley and Zero bond throughout the text and Sachar modifies the language when they are present to relax the reader, so they can interpret the text in their own way this quote clearly describes the beginning of their friendship and allows the reader to warm up to the characters.ConclusionLouis Sachar uses all these techniques to create a fascinating novel that all teenagers can relate to. Sachar uses language techniques app ropriately and it enhances the books attractiveness and makes teenagers continue to read the book

Friday, May 24, 2019

Politics In Cyber Space: The Effects Of Cyber Campaigning Essay

Overview At the turn of the 21st century, the cyberspace has placed the world into a massive break by kernel of by use of computer-generated communication, as observed by social science experts. In addition, the Internet has also become the central source of in moldation all through out the world. This has drastically affected the global culture- on throngs sides, perspectives, and preferences.In this light, the Internet has drastically affected the governmental scenario within countries across the world, to the finis that politicians invite utilise the Internet in their governmental activities. On the other hand, peoples attitudes and preferences towards politically-related matterspreferred views, political way of thinking, etc. have been influenced by cyber media. However, the accessibility to cyber technology has also negatively affected the political argonna across the world.This paper leave alone discuss these effects. Leading to the conclusion, as this paper will d iscuss, is the capability of lucre to absorb the domainipulative and controllable stream of communication as divergent and convergent for the dealings of man towards his role in society. principleWhat is cyberspace?The cyberspace whitethorn be defined as virtual do chief(prenominal) that consists of virtual life and virtual society. The virtual dimension of cyberspace counterbalances the actual activities, appearance and circumstance of life and society. The only material form that exists in cyberspace is the physical manipulation of computer-generated data reinvented by man.What does cyberspace predispose?The promontory on what does cyberspace predispose ar needs, pertains and benefits. To which, cyberspace becomes the inter progressive convergence for private and public disposition. It whitethorn be defined as a inner ear to the flow of information and communication. Using the information technology through the telephone set, specifically mobile phones and through the Inter net, world-wide communication has become convenient. The digital feature in telephone and Internet communication has gone far from the cable networking of the analog telephony. The satellite signals are transmitted through cyberspace with accuracy, peculiar(a) by boundaries of time and space. Hence, cyberspace predisposes interaction and reaction of the physical existence of man in a society.What does cyberspace bring to the society?The so-called virtual world exist a virtual society through intelligent manipulation of man. In which, the virtual society manifest the physical appearance of effects from various material receipt of people to information. The information as absorbed by the physical world will be processed through intellectual configuration, interpretation and comparison to real and real-time resemblance. The processed information returns to the cyberspace as Internet and digital communication arranging is utilized for information sharing and communication. The cobwe b of process as absorbed by the physical world is a continuing cycle within cyberspace. For example, the information that tells the winning electromotive force of a political placedidate may get the edge as far as popularity is concerned and the added advantage of earning public support.Measuring the Cyber PowerThe measure that people and society has achieved is by quantitative utilization of the Internet through information sharing and communication. The effects are the impacts towards the socio-economic-political structure of society.It influences the physical traits, behaviors, likings and inclination of people. For example, Internet communication through the online messaging system brings the user-to-user a distanced discussion and conclusion. In this case, physical knowledge is motivated.Cyber power may involve various components and uses. The need, interest and benefits are among the parameters that bring relevance to achieve such. This means that people and society are th e major stakeholders of such parameters according to conditions and circumstances.Evolution on the uses of InternetAside from the practical use of Internet in tallying votes to get up retrieval of election results, the use of online voting have been the most recent innovation which governments, specifically the United States, has been use . However, for trine world countries, online voting is palliate in the process.The trend brought about by cyber politics indicates a new trend in elections. This is most evident in some western countries wherein their elections take care largely upon the Internet. This has brought about a great increase of the younger voting population- or those who use the Internet more frequently against older members of the population who in like manner depend on secondary information from the former.Unfortunately, as observed in cyber discussion rooms, participants were focused more on the ain lives of the candidates rather than the political platform. This attitude of voters may be tracked down from the intriguing aspect of electoral proceeding wherein candidates are known based on their social background.Candidates now return a part of their front funds for Internet campaigning. Political campaigning has veered towards Internet and mobile phone utilization.Within Asia, the Philippines is among the third world countries known to have adverse electoral exercises. The voting population is influenced by the Internet the proximity of effect to the voting population is tremendous as the cyber information is revealed by the riddle and television media.Meanwhile, in other developing countries, political candidates rely on two-fold campaign strategies by using cyber campaigns and physical organizing and mobilization of supporters. In cyber campaign strategy, using the Internet for posting their profiles and platform of governance is the usual approach. The additional variation to cyber campaign strategy is featured with a questionnair e and FAQs (frequently asked questions) for the voters.With regard to the electoral hold out in Asia, a mull discloses that the interactive campaign energy result a non-beneficial situation to a party and candidates because of the cost in cyber campaigning (Djupsund, G. And Carlson, T., 2001).In other aspects of cyber campaigns relative to other governmental functions, the facilitation of immigration has found the Internet as the most useful procedure. The online application configures the capacity of work and manning of immigrants. It likewise systematizes the institutional facilities and space that may be occupied by massive influx of physical applicants.The enactment of laws is now also influenced by the Internet. Again, dissemination of information is existence channeled to the Internet for public opinion and online ratification. Although this process is a minimal venue for third world economies that still rely to the traditional media outfit of television, give out and jou rnal.The potential risks in cyber politicsHaving democratic process is having political system that permits the citizens to partake in the electoral processes and knowing the pros and cons of candidates as well as its political agenda, personal beliefs and more so the personality. The election period is like a season wherein the citizens enjoy practically the freedom to ventilate the issues concerning the candidates.Acquiring the knowledge and information from the candidates and the political party, the Internet is one of the available sources of the electorates. Over the years, the numbers of political sack up sites has dramatically increased to reach the young voters that are the regular user of Internet. In the US, George Bush and Dick Cheney have their georgewbush.com as their maintained Web site.There are Web sites from both opposition and civil society groups that are created to present political parody and criticism. This kind of Web sites however does not exist essential purposes but to delight the online public. Hence, it bears negative effect to the candidate because the information might mislead some facts and therefore decreases popularity.Another Web site was also independently created to implicitly express political oppositionto ridicule the candidates political stance and private life. To mention, the gwbush.com is a copy cat of the official Web site of President Bush purposely created for political demolition and scandal.In contrast, other Web sites have been created to support the political campaign of candidates. But nearly majority of the Web sites are inclined to be further deceiving than the Web sites with political parodies since more exaggerated showcase covered the true personality of the candidate.. In effect, these kinds of Web site pose a potential risk that may lead to public confusion and harm the democratic processes bestowed upon to the electorates.The US Experience in cyber campaigningThe cyber power is an expression broadly engaged to the world in general by scholars who have been fascinated to the extent of analyzing the capacity of using the Internet in political activities. Computer hardware including all types of software comprises the new form of media, is the main scratch used in 21st century political fund raising, recruitment of volunteers and organizing political activities.The 2004 Democratic Party nomination of Howard Dean as Presidential slate has greatly used the Internet and brought about relevance to several American political parties. This event has proven that cyber campaigning is a reality.A medical practitioner by profession, Howard Dean emerged his political career from the 1982 Congressional election and won as a Congressman of Vermont. After two cost of office as a Congressman, Howard Dean run for Vice-Governor and was elected.Subsequently, the death of the incumbent Governor has installed Dean for the gubernatorial seat and served the term of office from 1991 to 2002. He flou rished on his political popularity being tagged as fiscal conservative to proportioning the budgetary appropriations of the state. He was also known as a leading advocate for ecological preservation and advancing the rights of the third sex ( turn out Secrets, 2006). In 2003, the Dean supporters utilized the Internet for making up more of Deans popularity. The websites MeetUp.com and MoveOn.org were created for internet circulation of his political platform as well selective articles/political views. The websites has greatly encouraged the voters to participate in the forums commonly known as Internet blogs, where Dean himself was an active bloggerposting articles and views in the Internet website. The internet blogging has drawn voters participation that led to the organizing of Dean Defense Forces (Gibson, R.K., 2004).The MoveOn.org has able to organize two one thousand thousand members that donated money for advertisements opposing the Bush administration and massively engaged i n telephone and petition campaigns (Wolf, G., 2004).In addition to highlight the cyber campaigning of Howard Dean for the 2004 US Presidential race, the last quarter of 2003 has earned approximately 500,000 followers and raised a fund of about $7.4 million via Internet solicitations alone (Cone, E., 2003). However, re-electionist George W. Bush won the election being the lone candidate of his party and has $200 million election funds.It may have been said by political scientists that cyber politics, like in the cyber campaigning of Howard Dean, could have gained the voters who are relying much on the Internet. But somehow, the print, television and broadcast media are more crucial instruments to consistently promote the politician.Cyber campaign and approaches The limited campaign funds and machinery of candidates and its political party have efficiently resorted to adopt ways and means of reaching out their potential voters. Likewise, independent candidates are indulging the same approaches. These approaches are a combination of using the available technology and the traditional ones. The perspective of cyber campaigning is enjoined with the traditional approaches to catching the votes, as follows Telephone pass ono The 2004 Australian federal election massively used electronic phone messaging that bombarded phone calls to 17,500 voters with pre-recorded campaign messages authorized by the divisional office of Canberra Liberals (Onselen P.V., and Errington W., 2004). Internet useA post election study in Australia cited that 49.3% of voters rely on the Internet to search for information applicable to political issues, but only 10% reported looking for information on the election updates (Bean, C., Gow, D. and McAllister, I. 2001).o Campaigning through the Internet shows that it is an electioneering tool that is less needing investment on money and people (Gibson, R., 2004).Internet is an efficient communication channel with lesser cost affordable by indepen dent candidate and minority party that are sometime being isolated by the print and television media groups. And also able to distribute uncensored information to the voters.electronic mail (e-mail) is also useful to immediately distribute the information to targeted voters and campaign activities to organizers/supporters. AdvertisingMedia reports claimed that the major parties spent more than ever on mass-media advertising and study mail.Direct mailingDirect mailing is still the traditional approach to reach the marginalized voters in which the unavailability, inaccessibility and incapability of Internet knowledge are the main barrier.Some Significant Findings What is more significant is the primary purpose of politicians to utilize the Internet as a trendy political wardrobea encase that may fit in to the taste of the voting populace in the cyber age. In which cyber campaigning through the Internet is added to the political machinery that offers a one-stop-shop convenience for t he voters to tone down on a particular candidate and for the candidate to feature the entire information essential to enhance the popularity.A study conducted, by the Bivings Group (2006), on the 2006 US election has claimed progressive increase of political candidates from 55% in 2002 to 97% in 2006. Mostly, the website owners are political personalities prospecting the Senatorial seat.It can be assessed from the study that although with the progressive increase of the politicians in using the Internet, the availing of the websites are limited only to posting their profiles and fund solicitations. Following are data cited from the study (Bivings Group, 2006)23% engages in blogging (posting of articles/personal views)15% uses Spanish language transcription5% maintain multi-mediaIn-between 90% and 93% has complete biographies.Cyber campaigning does not only represent the US but evolved in different parts of the world. Roh Moo-hyun successfully won the 2002 Presidential election in S outh Korea by disseminating email in the Internet and created a political fan club website called Nasomo that included mobile phone networking (Thompson, N., 2003).In the Philippines, the toppling down of the Estrada Administration in 2001 that installed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as successor for presidency was much related to cyber campaigning. Political websites were created by various opposition groups and mobile phone campaigns using the Short Messaging System (text messaging) have massively encouraged peoples assembly that brought about an approximately one million Filipinos rallied at EDSA and known as the People Power II (Thompson, N., 2003). Likewise, the 2006 presidential re-election of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo have used the internet and mobile phones network for campaigning.In related finding, it was found that political parties in other European and Asian countries with parliamentary system of government are the common users of Internet websites for campaigning in which the popularity of the candidate is inherent to the political partys capability to endorse and make the winning potentials of its candidate (Danyi, E., and Galacz, A., 2005).The importation of Internet on the claim as becoming appropriate, necessary and being adopted as a new age technology of the politicians may be interpreted as followsAccessing the Internet would avoid media scrutiny that may be more intriguing, inexpressive and expensive.The use of Internet in political endorsement of candidates would evermore gain a win-win position to assert, deal with and assimilate in the democratic point of view of public Internet users through blogging.A wide swan of multi-media tools in the Internet websites offers a preferential option for the candidate to use.The chat rooms can be created anytime for a particular topic of discussions wherein the candidate can assess the pulse rate of winning potentials chance for soliciting public opinion to enhance political platform and strategies.Web d esigning is much cost-efficient and benefiting than the TV, broadcast and print media.Website maintenance efficiently innovate various promotional coverage, advertisement and designs.The website can be accessed through mobile phones of mostly young voters.The Website is lasting and endlessly useful to maintain the politicians campaign cycle.The Internet is affordable by both minority and majority parties.However, some considerations are being laid down in cyber campaigning on the economic status of the country. Unlike the European Union and the US, the developing countries in Asia, Africa and the Middle East retains the barrier in cyber campaigning.Obviously the main reason behind the barrier is the incapability of the majority of voters to avail individual acquisition of computers, Internet access and the knowledge itself to using computer. In this regard, the mobile phones are the limited source of Internet-generated information as also depending on the mobile phone models.Anoth er consideration is the voter attitude towards an interest to access the Internet websites of politicians. In this case, the traditional approaches of politicians to earning popularity are still complemented with their personal appearances in TV and radio programs as well as print media coverage.It may be positively stated that cyber campaigning then evolves within powerful countries that has capable and responsive voting population. Notably, the Japanese politicians were the first to access cyber campaigning in 1995 and initially adopted by the US at the 1996 campaigning in the Web political advertisements and publicity (Frisk, A., 1999).Conclusion The cyberspace is a formidable earthly concern where virtual and physical worlds meet. The realities happen between time and space, as continuing exploits to science and technology converge. This conclusion addresses the manifestation of decadent culture to the overflowing commercialization of technology as the third world societies are vulnerable to the interest of the few. The clamor of the third world countries to the fervor of globalization has turned the tides of cyber power and lordless political agenda as the economy is plundered from behind of the cyber politics. The politics in cyberspace is the new age technology known to the interaction of man in his society, as politicians invest his wealth. Known to many that cyber campaigning is an expensive framework to win a candidacy the effect is much crucial when politician amassed the vote as well as recuperate the election expense from the coffer of national economy. The manipulation in cyber campaigning that is carried out in the political race is perceived as enduring at the term of office. In other perspectives of politics in cyberspace, the cyber campaigning in aspects of fostering goodwill, economic cooperation, ethnic exchange and political-diplomatic relationship among nations for human security are essential attributes.Assessing the pessimistic and c onstructive conclusion, politics in cyberspace retains a multi-faceted democratic power of people, in which the human intellect represents.The global proliferation of the Internet must be complemented with and requires critical understanding. The critical understanding in the use of Internet, most especially in the third world economies, must surface at the required and immediate need of people. This understanding must be focused at improving the economic resources of a country and the values of people.Likewise, the global proliferation of the Internet may be used as an instrument for constant disparity based on the social, economic and political condition of people and country. Although the fundamental concern is to enhance the delivery of basic services to the indigent, a conflicting outcome may possibly transpire the crack of selectiveness, cultural homogeneity of culture, and fracture of societal unity and customary understanding. Thus, this might be a basic social issue that b e given importee in the social perspective.A synergy of initiatives between governmental and non-governmental organizations should be created as a means of expanding the social awareness of the public users that may promote sustainable development education approaches for better understanding, consciousness and responsibility in the use of Internet. In effect, a more responsive and participative people shall impart in the empowerment of governance and socio-economic-political stability.References*Bean, C., Gow, D. and McAllister, I. (2002). Australian preference Study 2001. Australian So cial Science Data Archive. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http//assda.anu.edu.au/codebooks/aes2001/title.html.*Bhattacharya, C., (2006). Virtual Campaigns, Concrete Elections Why the Internet and Related Technologies are Shaping Election Campaigns in Advanced Democracies. Canadian Political Science Association. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from http//www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2006/Bhattacharya.pd f.*The Bivings Group (2006). The Internets Role in Political Campaigns. The Bivings Re port. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http//www.bivingsreport.com/campaign/2006_campaign_study.pdf.*Ciolek, T.M. (2003). The Internet and its users The physical dimensions of Cyberpolitics in Eastern Asia. The Australian National University Journal. Retrieved January 24, 2008 from http//www.ciolek.com/PAPERS/oregon-2003-text.html.**Cone, E. (2003). The Marketing of a President. Baseline. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http//www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Projects-Management/The-Marketing-of-a- Presid ent/.*Cronin, A.K., (2006). Cyber-Mobilization A New Leve en Masse. Retrieved January 27, 2008 from http//ccw.politics.ox.ac.uk/publications/cronin_parameters.pdf.**Danyi, E. and Galacz, A. (2005). Internet and elections Changing Political Strategies and Citizens Tactics in Hungary. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http//iospress. meta press.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issu e, 6,9journal, 6,14linkingpublicationresults,1300389,1.**Djupsund, G. And Carlson, T. (2001).Catching the Wired Voter Theoretical Considera tions and an Empirical epitome. Department of Social Sciences, Abo Akademi Uni versity, Voragatan 9, FIN-65100 Vasa, Finland. Retrieved January 26, 2008 from http//www.google.com.ph/search?q=Catching+the+Wired+Voter%3A+Theoretical +Considera tions+and+an+Empirical +Analysis&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=com.ubuntuen-USofficial&client=firefox-a.*Fallows, D. (2007). Election Newshounds Speak Up. Retrieved January 25, 2008 from http//www.google.com.ph/search?q=Election+Newshounds+Speak +Up&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=com.ubuntuen-USofficial&client=firefox-a.**Frisk, A. (1999). Virtual Campaigning The Use of Internet in the 1998 Elections to the Swedish Parliament. Department of Political Science, Stockholm University, 1999. Retrieved January 28, 2008 fromhttp//www.algonet.se/afrisk/internet/in dex.html.*Gibson, R. and McAllister, I. (2005). Does Cyber Campaigning Win Votes? Retrieved January 25, 2008 from http//repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1064&context=csd.*Gibson, R.K. (2004). Web Campaigning from a world(prenominal) Perspective. Informa World. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http//www.informaworld.com/smpp/contentcontent=a713613433db=all.**Onselen P.V., and Errington W., (2004). Brace yourself for the rise of the permanent election campaign. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from Online Opinion, Australias e- journal of social and political debate. http//www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp? art icle=2367.**Open Secrets (2006). Presidential Candidate Howard Dean. Open Secrets. Retrieved January 29, 2008 from http//www.opensecrets.org/presidential/summary.asp? ID=N00025663.**Thompson, N. (2003). The Internet and Political Campaigns. The Globalist. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http//www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx? StoryId=3249.**Wolf, G. (2004). How the Internet Reinvented Howard Dean. Wired. Retrieved January 28, 2008 from http//www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.01/dean.html.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Individual’s Human Development Essay

The environments or contexts of life play a major role in the development of human beings throughout the lifespan. veritable(a) the most ardent genetically oriented human beings acknowledge that the environment contributes to human development. Thus Nurture is of import in this respect. However, it is not lavish only if to state that environment is important in the analysis of a persons character. This is where the importance of nature comes in. Although developmental theories have emerged to describe the growth and evolution of the individual, a parallel trend has been to describe the changing pattern of the family life cycle as a series of developmental stages (Watson, 1913). Family developmentalists view the family, alike the individual, as having certain prime functions at certain points in the life cycle. In the case of Pavlov, both his environment and his innate nature contributed to his stature as wiz of mans most famous scientists.Classical determineing refers to the formation of a single association by means of a procedure develop by Ivan Pavlov in the early 1900s. Pavlovs special field of study was the digestive secretions of the body, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904.On of the secretions being studied was salivation. To ascertain a precise measure of secreted saliva under varying conditions, Pavlov inserted a small tube into the salivary glands of experimental dogs.When the dog salivated, the fluid was routed into Pavlovs mensuration cups. By this method, he could determine not only when the salivation occurs, but also how much and at what rate. For one timeindeed, even for todayit was a unusually clear and rigorous estimate of reception strength.It has become one of the most productive aras in all of psychology. This paper shall look into the environmental and internal factors that enchant human behavior and attempt to explain how these two factors interact in a persons life to bring about his present record and charact er.During his studies of salivation, Pavlov noted what he called psychic secretions. If food is placed in the mouth of the animal, it will secrete saliva automatically this response is innate not learned. further the dogs in Pavlovs apparatus, soon began to salivate to other stimuli as well. For example, the sight of food, the sight of the person who fed them, and even the feeders footsteps in the hall, were enough to elicit salivation. These associations had to be learned.They were in effect anticipations of food in the mouth. Because the response (salivation) was not controlled by the simple reflex connections, come higher neural processes had to be involved. T was as if the mind took over the control of the reflexive acthence, psychic secretionsas if the thought of food was enough to produce the same response as food itself.It stressed that children are active, curious explorers who seek to adapt to their environments, rather than passive biological urges who are molded by thei r parents. Pavlov, as a child, was indeed a curious, precocious youngster. His father has a big influence into what he turned out to be.Meanwhile, Watson (1913) behaviorism is the conclusions about human development should be based on observations of overt behavior rather than on speculations about unconscious motives or cognitive processes that are un manifest. Moreover, Watson also believed that well-learned associations between external stimuli and observable responses are the building blocks of human development.When Petrovich Pavlov was a child, he was involved in an accident that prevented him from going to school. Thus, it was only when he was 11 historic period old that he was able to go back and have a formal schooling. He went to theological seminary and eventually at 21 he decided to pursue psychology. It is express that he was ironically diverted from becoming a second-generation clergy, by the works of Charles Darwin and Russian physiologist Ivan Sechenov, which he re ad while in seminary. Even his marriage was not spared the cyclic heartbreak then elation pattern that appeared to prevail in his life. (Pavlov.). He had tragedies to deal with when he had a family of his own. Two of his six children died.Like Watson, skinner believed that habits develop as a result of unique operant accomplishment experiences. Pavlovs curiosity for learning developed because he had the supervision of his mother during those years he stopped schooling. He formed the habit of having the passion for learning, investigating and experimenting.Meanwhile, nowhere is Banduras cognitive emphasis clearer than in his decision to highlight observational learning as a central developmental process. Observational learning is simply learning that results from observing the behavior of other people. Bandura stressed observational learning in his cognitive social learning theory simply because this active, cognitive form of learning permits young children to quickly acquire thou sands of new responses in a variety of settings.Indeed, the environments or contexts of life play a major role in the development of human beings throughout the lifespan. Even the most ardent genetically oriented human beings acknowledge that the environment contributes to human development. Thus Nurture is important in this respect. However, it is not enough simply to state that environment is important in the analysis of a persons character. This is where the importance of nature comes in.Born on Sept 14, 1849 in Russia, Pavlov was prepared for a life of correspond and excellence. Pavlovs father Peter Dmitrivich was a priest while his brother Ivan was also part of the church staff. It was his father Dmitrivich who was highly influential in film editing Pavlov to be the way he turned out in his later years. His early environment under the tutelage of a highly educated and reward father became one of the biggest factors that explain his passion for excellence in life.In practical life, the one that plays a more dominant role for example, in offensive activity control policy, is the one that centers more on the role of the biological setup of the person and the family with whom he grows up with. The majority of children grow up in a family context that usually includes a father and/or a mother and, in many instances, brothers and sisters. The family has been shown to have an impact on important processes, including the development of self-concept, shake up roles, language, intellectual abilities and interpersonal skills (Bronfenbrenner, 1986).Explanation of the interaction of heredity and environment is not a simple matter. Hereditary factors operate from the moment of conception in find the features of human growth and development. Our current understanding of human genetics makes it fairly clear that many human physical traits are inherited.We know that genetic factors are involved in the development of the human body from the time of conception. Howeve r, we do not fully understand the scientific mechanisms of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in controlling human growth and development. The relationship of this nature versus nurture interaction to human behavior is indeed a much-debated issue.Where do differences in temper or disposal come from? Friends or relatives are frequently quick to comment that an infant has a temper like his father or is easygoing like his mother, suggesting that much(prenominal) differences are inherited. Does this mean that infant temperament is generically determined?Not necessarily, since the environment plays an important role in the expression of temperament. Researchers say that temperament is best viewed as a natural bias toward a given behavioral direction (difficult, easygoing, introverted and extroverted). The expression of this bias depends on ones environment or experience the child with a temperamental bias for a high activity level may in fact be easygoing and mild-man nered in a relaxed family environment.The bias for high activity levels may in fact be easygoing and mild mannered in a relaxed family environment. The bias for high activity levels may appear only in a stressful or competitive situation (Wiggam, 1923). Temperament and personality depend for their expression on the joint contributions of heredity, environment (parenting strategies) and individual behavior (through the active selection of environments, particularly as the child grows older).Children pick up to be undecided in an environment where they must have opportunities to feel free to be choice-makers, to know that they can have justice for themselves. A school ought to encourage children to feel appreciative of their own individuality. They need to feel playful and to see life as fun, and to have their t all(prenominal)ers and parents join in on this approach to fun living. And mostly, they need to feel creatively alive, to have a burning sense of desire and appreciation for everything in life. To eschew boredom and dullness, and to glow in the excitement of each and everyday. This is not some farfetched ideal.Pavlov thought that the mantle was the only site of new neural connections in learning. His evidence was that members of his laboratory were not able to condition dogs from whom the cortex had been surgically removed. But later, in Pavlovs laboratory, and elsewhere, investigators found that they could obtain conditioning in mammals even after all the cerebral cortex had been removed.For example, a dog with its cortex removed can learn to lift its paw whenever a light flash occurs to avoid shock. Such conditioning occurs slowly and irregularly. However, because such animals tend to be distractible and irritable and they do not have keen sensory discrimination. But the evidence is clearly antagonistic to Pavlovs claim that cortex is necessary.