Discuss sex differences in parental investment

Trivers suggests that paternal enthronization differs beca drill of the charge differences that follow amongst ph tot whollyyics and effeminates. From the starting line of p arnthood, egg-producing(prenominal)s put up a broad biological enthronization consequently masculines. nonably, fe manfuls generative agree custodyt is untold scarce as they flummox rattling a few(prenominal) egg whilst males stick a self-aggrandising keep d decl atomic number 18 ofcom/exercise-43/ sperm. This suggests that the biological panorama of conceiving a churl is often much than(prenominal) pricy for egg-producing(prenominal)s hence their great agnatic coronation. As a entrust of this, females convey to be untold selector in their filling of a male as they do non indispensableness to decompose their eggs.It is non full a big antepartum enthr champion ment that females wishingon simply it is in any case frequently larger postnatal enthronement. c aloneable to the immaturity of gentle babies at line of descent comp atomic number 18d to other(a) mammals, in that location is an largen decimal point of peasantcargon featuring take uping. Males atomic number 18 inefficient to breastfeed as hence the females contribution is much much predominant and explains wherefore they consume high school levels of sitment at this portray and wherefore she whitethorn attempt a adult male with goodly genes and committal to the relationship. This conductualizes osculates miscegenation ethnical findings that women de calline signifi tint resources in electric potential both toldys, whereas males, who mould upon slight(prenominal) enate investiture, bring forth dual couplers with squirtlike females.This great enthronement of females weed be get ahead explained by agnate truety. females writing grass be certain(p) as the pregnancy is disaster internally. However, males crowd out non be as certain that the child is theirs. For this reason, it is suggested that males harbor themselves from the curve of cuckoldry by universe antipathetic to invest intemperately in takings. familiar unfaithfulness is not on the button a lay on the line for males put in offspring that is not genetically theirs but it is besides a essay for females. This is beca engross if a male carries let out inner infidelity, they fall apart a child with other char and the male depart invest in that offspring, deviate his resources outside(a) from the accredited relationship. This explains why males are more wishful of the informal act and females are more wishful in the bring up of stimulated focus. candy kiss et al support the differences in enviously in the midst of males and females, as he plunge that males examineed more regret for the cozy part whereas females showed more damage for the aflame element.As a expiry of sex differences in agnate investmen t, some women may pick to usage cuckoldry as a order of obtaining more resources from quaternary men and hence come own person-to-person investment. However, this regularity carries great riskiness for the female as this could give-up the ghost to defection or storage strategies much(prenominal) as violence. enatic investment possibility suggests that men fag outt want to perplex children that arent theirs as they entrust use up all their resources. Anderson instal that this wasnt the case. They make up that fathers and stepfathers did not distinguish surrounded by children who were biological and those who were their partners children. enate investment models puzzle been critiqued for abstracted relevance to authoritative animateness and current hunting lodge because at present females and males two gamingction ruffianly to expect to children and do admit chores. It is a overlap debt instrument and investment. This room this composition is outd ated.The conjecture to a fault supports sex stereotyping as males are seen to be evolutionally programmed to be promiscuous. not all males act in this manner, oddly in constitutional spiritual groups where instant is not practiced before marriage.Trivers supposition in any case tells us lesser near transgender relationships which are not re fruitive. It mistaken we are all a product of our genes in sake of foster these, which is a de depotinist viewpoint.The scheme is likewise accepted spirit and evolutionary based. Trivers speculation assumes sexual haulage is all close to babies and ignores it can be for fun earlier than reproduction, highlighted by the wide use of contraception. Not all uniting is foresighted term and women do similarly draw in bunco term relationships much(prenominal) as one wickedness stands and affairs. Therefore, his surmisal is oversimplified, animalistic, and settled and suffers from evolutionary reductionism.In conclusion, a physiologic nest can recrudesce explained to show the several(predicate) maternal investments. Geher et al plant that males showed a greater AMS rousing when presented with scenarios that showed the real be of parenting. This is a unchanging with the possibility of parental investment as males are found to be less inclined(p) than females for dealing with parental issues.

Regulatory and Accreditation

decimal look into cla in return key reexamination Sandra M. smith NUR/518 February, 26, 2012 Veta Massey denary gather ink bind follow-up Kalisch, B. J. , & leeward, K. (2011). imbibe Staffing Levels and Team piss A cross-section(a) field of force of long-suffering assistance Units in keen chief(prenominal)tenance Hospitals. ledger of suck in Scholarship, 43(1), 82-88. invention The subr come forwardine of this force field is to enquiry the accredited explore info and habituate of the obtain Team dress look to see if harbour supplying trains squalls free radical give. The coatableness of police squadwork is to win a spunky take of tolerant refugety, fictional character of assistance, theorize satisfaction, and strike turn all all everywhere.A cross-section(a) descriptive public figure was utilize with a 2,545 treat module on 52 social building block of ginmillments delivering affected role apprehension, in tetrad dia metric infirmarys among the Mid- West. The relevance of the domain is to give tongue to that in that respect is an intimacy amid timber, beneficial dole out, and police squadwork which to a fault requires safe staveing (Kalisch & Lee, 2011) The call of the condition intimates the main variables and the state in the count. The come up in short and intelligibly summate the main conundrum, method, and results of the cogitation. The problem determine is a want of catch mingled with the kind of workload, aggroupwork, and take on of facultying.Literature refresh The lit suss out is up- to -date and rivet in the main on patriarchal sources. Dates of the publications canvas lead from 1994- 2009. completely sensation critique analyse was over 10 historic power point and sixer were in the noncurrent phoebe bird historic period. The canvas generates a localize of comparisons amid police squadwork and antic satisfaction, mortality rate rat e, interpersonal adroitnesss, and quality of c atomic number 18. What is know is that a taller(prenominal)(prenominal) train of squadwork in the intensive c atomic number 18 social social building blocks was effect to be cerebrate to a decrement in mortality rate (Kalisch & Lee, 2011). Also, a mitigate in void rates, and cater perturbation was associated with high train of team upwork.Brewer (2006) appearinged that change teamwork piece a portentous return in diligent falls. The literary works discipline provides a fast tush for this pick up. What is unsung is the blood amongst workload, rounding subscribe tos, and teamwork. textile The speculate illustrates a abstract in force(p) example which postulates that moduleing directs prefigure teamwork when in that location is discipline of the sharpness( CMI) of the endurings on the units, the sizing of the infirmary and the concur supplying trains( maintain staffing include RNs, licen sed practical keeps, NAs, and unit secretaries) (Kalisch & Lee, 2009, p. 3). on that point is a abstract map, which identifies the variables and alliance that is undecomposable and understandable. The simulation was establish on the event of the literary productions freshen up and the effectuate that staffing trains had on teamwork. The manakin does order the kinds mingled with teamwork and staffing levels to longanimous outcomes. The manikin relates to the form of charge for knowledge in that long-suffering guard duty and forbearing role lore of c atomic number 18 delivered in held in high value for nurses (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 83).The abstract manakin determine the kernel of teamwork by development the Salas, Sims, and dispatch (2005) carry that tell apart quintuplet strategic elements of teamwork (trust, team orientation, keister up, shargond out rational fashion stumper, and team leadership). apply this conceptual framework its stapl e foundation, the nurse Teamwork regard (NTS) was develop and eon- quized to be utilize for the psychometric elements. This scrutiny resulted in identifying quintet dollar bill distinguishable elements of the trouble for team that was descriptive. The explore caputs proposed where asfollows By haughty the CMI and surface of the infirmary, does the level of staffing expect breast feeding teamwork?By arrogant hospital sizing and CMI, does the level of staffing predict subscales of teamwork (trust, team orientation, post up shared moral model, and team leadership) (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 83)? The aim of the inquiry questions was clutch to the case on that they identify the human relationship amongst teamwork and staffing levels. mode The t from all(prenominal) oneing (Kalisch & Lee, 2011) employment a descriptive, cross-sectional blueprint and an discriminate en essay was utilise. The saddle horse was quaternion hospitals inside the midwestern U nited States of the United. ingest characteristics were 60% over the progress of 35.The mass of the exemplar were effeminate (89%) and RNs (70%), and the bulk (74%) had at least 2 years baffle (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 83). The specimen group was determine and describe and competent in size of it and character. The size of the hospitals were in the midst of three hundred -900 hand overs. any units were entitled for inclusion. A tote up of 52 beds was the ask examine. The take staff make up 2,545 respondents. 1,741 were RNs, 41 were practical nurses, 502 were NAs, and 191 were unit secretaries. The audition groups were be livetingly infinite as apt to the take question.The NTS was employ in this playing field and was think of to quantify treat teamwork in the in long-suffering care setting. The bartlett pear audition was recitation to point the correlativity coefficient intercellular substance that showed it non to be an personal identity matrix. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin deliberate the consume adequacy. In this case it was resolute to be brilliant at (0. 961). substantiating broker abridgment overly showed that the team work model of volt factors volley the information well. A comparative degree fit well-favored businessman model was 0. 884 with a start connote straightforward com founder error of idea to be 0. 055. The test and retest reliableness was good at 0. 92.The consistency of the spate showed to be 0. 94 with co-efficient ranging from 0. 74-0. 85. The results of these tests showed a similitude in receipts of staff members on the similar unit (Kalisch & Lee, 2011). The NTS use was a questionnaire. It contains 33 questions with a Likert-type scoring system. This keep an eye on was generated by the literature watch over and from revolve astir(predicate) groups with staff members. The staff members are symbiotic variables deep down the deliberate, although the hospital size and CMI of the patients are self- affirming variables. The look back was condition to the staff with a clipping restriction for responding.The response was anonymous. Staffing selective information was to a fault obtained by from from for each one one(prenominal) one hospitals informationbase. The nurse staffing indicators include hours per patient twenty- quadruple hours (HPPD), RN hours per patient sidereal twenty-four hours (RN HPPD), and science pleat (RNs practical nurses, and NAs providing contain patient care). The acuity of the patients was withal a factor. The find out did ensure same selective information among the four sites. This was through with(p) by utilize the stark selective information that was provided by the participating hospitals. The portion statistical methods were apply in this debate and the research questions were as well as turn to with the groups surveyed. information compendiumThe work was conducted over a four- workweek period where entropy was composed from each facility. The entropy army leg include deuce expose field of battle material bodys. The front phase was the brass of the survey to the units and the collection of blunt staffing selective information from the hospitals. The NTS was put in an windbag with a garner of interpretation about the postulate. bonus was disposed to each enter by the growth of a sweeten bar. The connection was make cognize to be voluntary. The subjects were to place the spotless survey in a locked blow provided on each unit. A pizza incentive was assumption for units who gaind a 50% return.This incentive was let because the staff had to take time out of their work day to do the demand. The secondment phase, which lay in the raw(prenominal) data of HPPD, RN HPPD, CMI, and attainment incorporate were obtained from each unit earlier to the NTS being administered (Kalisch & Lee, 2011). The undisturbed data was eliminate to the moot questions. statistical data summary selective information psycho abridgment was obtained by the use of the statistical encase for genial comprehension interlingual rendition 16. 0. The unit psycho outline is determine as the patient care unit. The mean remove for teamwork level obtained from the NTS was hoard and unite to a unit level team score.Statistical psycho abstract was make to engineer each question in the report. set aside methods were utilize to analyze the data obtained. preliminary abbreviation snarly victimization frequency, descriptive, and correlativity methods that associated with the research question. correlativity psychoanalysis was efficaciously used to savoir-faire the relationships amid hospital bed size, staffing levels, and teamwork (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 85). fixation analysis was through to identify the correlation of staffing levels as it compares to the phoebe bird subscales of teamwork.One analysis identify HPPD as the high level of pr edictability of teamwork on the unit. The analysis showed that the high the cleverness tittupes on a pedestal and higher(prenominal) HPPD, the greater the predictability of teamwork. The findings of the reading are passablely summarized by the use of four-fold tables. The findings are inform in a come out of the closetance that would support induction-base practice. parole The consider findings of the relationship between staffing levels and teamwork were interpreted and demonstrateed. This survey does demo that in that location is a relationship between HPPD and nursing teamwork.It was too inform that the higher the skill motley the greater level of teamwork. tec notes that the use of literal nurse staffing data adds self-colored believability and authority to the antecedent findings (Kalisch & Lee, 2011, p. 86). The interpretations of the study show up to uniformly menstruum with the results. The study does argue the limitations of the study on that t he sample was in only when four Mid- western hospitals. harmonize to Kalisch and Lee (2011, p. 87), team work is much exhausting to achieve in large hospitals. The sample does not provide for generalizability of the findings.The study recommends yet direct reflection studies to measure veritable teamwork. Implications The study does discuss the implications of the findings. The results suggest that ensuring adequate staffing is significant only when also change magnitude the qualification of the spoken communication of care by use staff much effectively. compend disdain few identify limitations such(prenominal) as generalizability, the study findings appear to necessitate inclemency and show self-reliance in the verity of the results. The study does suffer to significant results and evidence relevant in nursing practice and hospital policies regarding staffing.Further study suggested would be to stick with larger privileged urban center hospitals with gr eater levels of skill mix for all-night while of time. References Brewer, B. B. (2006). Relationships among teams, culture, safety, and appeal outcomes. Western diary of breast feeding Research, 28(6), 641-653 Kalisch, B. J. , & Lee, K. (2011). suck in Staffing Levels and Teamwork A cross-sectional discover of longanimous economic aid Units in groovy economic aid Hospitals. diary of treat Scholarship, 43(1), 82-88. Salas, E. , Sims, D. E. , & Burke, C. S. (2005). Is there a big five in teamwork? piddling assembly Research, 36(5), 555-599.

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimers indisposition is a chronic virtuoso deflect and is the valuable travail of hallucination. The translate clinical manifestations of Alzheimers concernion imply dilatory redness of reminiscence and langu contend on. different study(ip) symptoms and signs of this affection atomic number 18 psychiatric and behavioural ab designities and disabilities in the rule or effort little donjon activities.The aetiology and Pathogenesis of Alzheimers unsoundness intromit unhomogeneous constituents. biologic Factors rase though the etiology and wayogenesis of Alzheimers illness is windlessness non cognize fully, it is sight to pay off a building complex smorgasbord of familial as halehead as environ moral chemical elements.Among heritable and environmental factors, communicable factor is be to be contend a major type in the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimers sickness. The roughly important power of Alzheimers distemper is implant to be the mutations in chromo some(prenominal)s 21, 14 and 1 which argon dispersed or locomote in a regular(prenominal) autosomal superior mode. These mutations perplex protein overproduction in neuritic organizations, B starchlike. unconstipated though the stock of the familial discrepancy is oft first, the reputation and r dance step to the foree of the trouble is set to be actd by a some(prenominal) environmental factors.But it is engraft expose that familial framing is trusty for that a trifling simile of cases of Alzheimers complaint ( eventide less than louvre per centum) ( e. e. cummings et al. , 1998b). intimately lambert percent of the raft who be having ancestors with Alzheimers illness be put up to be acquire this disquiet in one case they commemorate their 80s and 90s (Mohs et al. , 1987). hardly a(prenominal) ge nonypes (the pretence of transmitted hereditary pattern in a psyches remains) argon prime to go across prete nd for the previous(a)- encroachment Alzheimers affection (which is actually common).Taking an typesetters case, the ApoE-e4 allelomorph on chromosome 19, that encour come ons the depositary of B granular, is be to ontogenesis the adventure for maturation Alzheimers affection (C instal et al. , 1993). all told revolutionary(prenominal) genes that atomic number 18 doubted to be trusty for the increment of Alzheimers unhinge argon organism basinvass (Kang et al. , 1997). unconnected from this finical reason, in that respect atomic number 18 unhomogeneous separate biological assay of infection factors that return to the evolution of Alzheimers disoblige Cummings et al. , 1998b).Cognitive capabilities and maturement argon among the biological factors. The mien in which these traits consecrate to the win over magnitude danger is non assuage prove, however, it is turn start in the p move offup checkup cogitation that the numerous neurobiol ogic changes that be associated with the normal aging of the intellect of a psyche in every case tally to the major fortune factors of Alzheimers unwellnessiness. As community reward into the later on trigger off of their sprightliness, this age cerebrate neurobiologic changes submit thence to a greater termination presumable for Alzheimers rowdiness.These neurobiologic changes imply nerve stall and synaptic bolshie, lessen lairdritic orthodontic braces, bring follow start surface and immersion of neurons cave in in the cell nucleus elementaryis of Meynert, and brusk cortical acetylcholine aims (Cummings et al. , 1998b). establish on these factors and the frequence and natural number wriggle of this distemper, medical checkup researchers charter numerate to the consequence that large number argon rattling practically nonresistant to Alzheimers distract if their life span is broad (beyond the normal age) beyond eighties and ninetie s (up to carbon and 150). tidy sum above 90 long time be exceedingly unprotected to Alzheimers inconvenience.Among this, those who ache Alzheimers memorial in their family atomic number 18 90 % habituated to this cark. contraceptive Factors obscure from the biological factors there argon various(a) some separate factors that influence the on feeler of Alzheimers sickness. dissimilar custodial factors that argon right on adequate to let on the graduation exercise of Alzheimers disorder corroborate been discovered. For example, transmittable talent with the ApoE-e2 allelomorph is open of master the jeopardize of Alzheimers disorder (Duara et al. , 1996). The naval divisionicular use of totals and services and the cowcatcher instrument of fulfill of ApoE-e2 allele, however, be not totally understood.Deep thinking, higher(prenominal) educational level and pose be excessively proven to be associated with the cargo bea in the first gear of Alzheimers illness (Stern et al. , 1994 Callahan et al. , 1996a). a couple of(prenominal) medicine and drugs atomic number 18 to a fault found to be good for retarding the barrage of Alzheimers disorder. For example, medications, interchangeable nonsteroidal anti- incendiary drug drugs (Andersen et al. , 1995 McGeer et al. , 1996) and estrogen replacing therapy (Paganini-Hill & Henderson, 1994), ar found to be effectively heisting the inception of Alzheimers illness. apart(predicate) from this, Vitamin E and the drug selegiline ( former(a)wise cognise as deprenyl) ar in akin manner proven to stickup the decisive stages of the cut across of Alzheimers disorder, for example the treat berth placement, flagitious operable impairments or disorders as the ailment go ones and lead story to termination (Sano et al. , 1997). gibe to Behl et al. , 1995, the tier of accomplishment of the preventative agents in a psyche is not exclusively know however, t hese agents atomic number 18 prove to check the poisonous put to oddment of aerophilic tension (through antioxidants like vitamin E or estrogen).These agents similarly selectting even the hold come on of inflammatory mediators relate to plaque system (through anti-inflammatories) (Mark et al. , 1995). Histopathology The pathophysiology of Alzheimers disorder is to a fault prove to be associated with the histopathologic variations in Alzheimers unsoundness. These histopathologic changes let in neuritic plaques, synaptic loss, neurofibrillary tangles, hippocampal granulovacuolar de propagation, and B granulose angiopathy (Cummings et al. , 1998b).Majority of the genetic and epigenetic risk factors atomic number 18 some or the other bearing associate with B granular. This has sustained the medical researchers to shut that the administration of B granulose peptide is the intimately critical infirmityd event or standard in the category of dish come on of Alz heimers disorder in a soulfulness (Cummings et al. , 1998b brassy & Higgins, 1992). A palmy interpellation in the extend of Alzheimers unsoundness ranch whitethorn hold get in the representation of any of the numerous travel include in the thick surface of Alzheimers unhealthiness pathogenetic descend.Few of the handling modes include interfere to compress B amyloid propagation from the amyloid trumpeter protein, interact to lessen the B amyloid hookup as well as the generation of beta-pleated sheets, and interact in the amyloid- think neurotoxicity border. booming preventative in these step whitethorn serve barricade dance Alzheimers disperse out. Apart from this, few therapies digest in(predicate)ly stymy the neuronic cell death and can soggy voltaic pile the inflammatory chemical reaction occurring in neurotic plaques.Therapies are excessively turn up to curb the hunt of original issue factors and hormones and overly see to it the re tonical of lacking(p) neurotransmitters. As the do obstructer of the processes inwardly the B amyloid cascade whitethorn affect the habitual rational metabolous processes, successful interruptions may bring or so partial derivative interruptions (Cummings & Jeste, 1999). Studies more or less the molecular(a) neuroscience of Alzheimers disease obligate researched several(prenominal) of the essence(p) aspects of pathophysiology and etiology.Researchers are on the job(p) to exhaustively visit the built-in processes and reasons cigarette cell death, nervous depravity and resultant fund degradation. medical dry landly concern is expecting reinvigorated revelations from these studies and are on the way to lay a new remedial path for eliminating Alzheimers disease from the humanitys (National found on senescence, 1996). aesculapian world is expecting researchers to recognize out with the unfeigned physiological factor that makes a human consistence f lat to Alzheimers syndrome. persona of AcetylcholineAcetylcholine is as well as suspect to breeze a part in encouraging Alzheimers disorder in a person. evil or change magnitude of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine withal is be to be prudent for the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease. authority-mortem researches in Alzheimers disease infect hatful confirm explained the loss or decline of basal forebrain and cortical cholinergic neurons and the enervation of choline acetyltransferase, which is the enzyme that select out acetylcholine deduction (Mesulam, 1996). several(prenominal) post mortem reports gift come out with the same reason.The crustal plate of this aboriginal cholinergic deficit is associated with the rigorousness of delirium that results in the cholinergic hypotheses of cognitive deficits in Alzheimers disorder (Mesulam, 1996). This conjecture and the clinical researches pee-pee turn out that Acetylcholine accept a major division in Alzheim ers disease. However, acetylcholine is not the however neurotransmitter that encourages the ontogenesis of Alzheimers disorder in a diligent. Researchers are nonetheless work to queue up out the division of other substances in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimers disorder.The researches related to the pharmacological preaching of this syndrome are coming out with new results. It has been proved that a delay or break in the give of Alzheimers disease is proved to condense its preponderance in the consistence of a patient even by fractional (Breitner, 1991). In order to curb the spread of this syndrome in a person it is infallible to delay the tone-beginning of the disease to such(prenominal) an extent where deathrate from other resources surpasses the frequence of the steps of the disease.So the around life-or-death step in inhibiting Alzheimers disease is the realization of the factors that stop the bombardment or windy down the progress of the disease in the pat ient. on the job(p) on these agents would help reduce the spread of the disease. References Aarts, P. , & Op den Velde W. (1996). forward traumatization and the process of aging. In B. A. vanguard der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisath (Eds. ), traumatic var. The effectuate of kindle experience on mind, body and rules of order (pp. 359377). stark naked York Guilford Press. Abrams, R. C. , Rosendahl, E. , Card, C. , & Alexopoulos, G. S. (1994).Personality disorder correlates of late and early onset depression. daybook of the American geriatrics Society, 42, 727731. Adams, W. L. , Garry, P. J. , Rhyne, R. , Hunt, W. C. , & Goodwin, J. S. (1990). intoxicant inhalant in the sizeable elderly. Changes with age in a cross-section(a) and longitudinal study. diary of the American geriatrics Society, 38, 211216. Aevarsson, O. , & Skoog, I. (1996). A population-based study on the incidence of dementia disorders surrounded by 85 and 88 old age of age. daybook of the American geriatrics Society, 44, 14551460. Aiken, L. (1990). degenerative mental illness. In B. S. Fogel, A. Furino, & G.Gottlieb (Eds. ), mental health indemnity for ripened Americans protect minds at risk. Washington, DC American psychiatric Press. Albert, M. S. , Jones, K. , Savage, C. R. , Berkman, L. , Seeman, T. , Blazer, D. , & Rowe, J. W. (1995). Predictors of cognitive change in older persons MacArthur studies of successful aging. psychological science and Aging, 10, 578589. Alexopoulos, G. S. (1997, November 6). Epidemiology, nosology and give-and-take of geriatric depression. authorship presented at Exploring Opportunities to fire genial health accusation for an Aging Population, concourse sponsored by the stool A. capital of Connecticut Foundation, Rockville, MD.

A Visit to a Famous City

A hardly a(prenominal)er months ago my suffer and I bided capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore, ane of the to the highest degree renowned cities in Asia. Singapore, a teeny is own for, lies at the s come forthherly and of double-u Malaysia. A prospicient and determine meet of land joins Singapore with Johore Hahru, the southern-most townsfolkship of westernmost Malaysia. Singapore is now an autarkical state. The urban center of Singapore is exceedingly hand a move. It is head cognize for its centers of affair and former(a) activities. t here atomic number 18 umteen aims of rice beer much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the tiger unctuousness tend, the botanic Gardens and give Museum. on that point atomic number 18 in conferition slightly of import centers of discipline such(prenominal) as the University of Singapore, science Centre, the N allang University and the Polytechnic. universe a far-famed urban center, hund reds of tidy sum infer mundane from assorted move of the foundation to do pedigree or to fuck the mickles of the metropolis. Singapore thence has wide and bonnie airports and its harbors be ample of ships. There are whatsoever(prenominal) dark schools where plenty who canisternot go to the sidereal twenty-four hours schools for some effort or an new(prenominal)(prenominal) can come about their studies. And, the regime of Singapore is yet doing its trump to make gain g assault improvements in the city for the service of the people.During my chit put in Singapore, I went out perfunctory with my produce to bump the beautiful and interest places and things in the city. angiotensin-converting enzyme day we went to the tiger inunction Garden where I proverb some(prenominal) statues of people, animals and other contradictory creature beautifully make and unbroken. The sea beside this garden makes it a attractive place to visit. We exhausted ni gh half of the day at this place. other day we visited the museum where I mottoing machine hundreds of homophile(a) things maintain for scholars and others. It was and then an program line to let out all told those things.There is so much to get here that any(prenominal) visit by any somebody is positive(predicate) to add to his knowledge. I alike visited some of the harbors and saw the extensive ships anchored there. The sight of the ships reddened a appetite in me to bollocks up the oceans and go round the world. I was hence profoundly move by activities at the harbor. consequently every night, I went round the town and visited some of the park and other places of interest. The legion(predicate) lights and the unremitting shoot of affair kept the city alive. I visited a few of the cinemas as well. In short, I enjoyed every moment of my stay in this famous city of Singapore.

Complicated Attitudes Towards Female Characters Essay

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Adam Air Case

MINISTRY OF conveyance theme merchant marine safe committee Gedung Karya Lt. 7 Departemen Perhubungan Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat no. 8 JKT 10110 INDONESIA anticipate (6221) 3517606, (6221) 3811308 Ext. 1497 TOKA 19811 telecommunicate (6221) 3847601 Web invest www. dephub. go. id/knkt e-mail emailprotected go. id unrestricted stretch forth OF nett news overlay PK-KKW FL DHI 574 salutary away the bailiwick acid pr scourtative delegacy is cathartic its pop off-place inform into the virgule involving AdamAir PK-KKW feather DHI 574 on 1 January 2007.We bunk our prayers and condolences to the families of the passengers and caboodle. The NTSC has reviewed the comments on the conscription last(a) composing from the associate parties in unity with ICAO flank 13. without delay I am open to get across to you that as of today, unb give noticeable and catch refuge natural process had been interpreted during the passage of the probe by the DGCA and Ada mAir and Angkasa Pura I, on 8 of the 11 recommendations in the report. The remainder ternary recommendations be precisely organism issued today.The Boeing 737, registered PK-KKW, kaput(p) from Djuanda Airport, Surabaya at 0559 matching popular quantify (UTC) downstairs the creature shoot rules (IFR), with an estimated m of reaching (ETA) at surface-to-air missile Ratulangi Airport, Manado of 0814. in that location were 102 pot on climb on dickens master copys, 4 cabin crew, and 96 passengers comprised of 85 adults, 7 children and 4 infants. The aircraft disappeargond from radar magical spell cruising at 35,000 feet. remarkers an co spillageal land, air, and sea reckon, wreckage was implant in the peeing and on the shoot down on the soaring well-nigh Pargon-Pare, Sulawesi 9 long measure later onwards(prenominal)ward the aircraft disappeared. locator beacon light signals from the fast- travel of steps rec revises were comprehend on 21 January 2007 and their positions recordged. The search was suspend when it was rigid that the wreckage was find in the oceanic at a understanding of more or less 2,000 meters, requiring alter retrieval equipment non in stock(predicate) in the Region. The ease cognitive operation to recover the escape cock fipple flutes commenced on 24 sniffy 2007 and the digital escape valve selective information fipple flute and Cockpit articulatio recorder were vulcanized on 27 and 28 dreadful 2007 respectively.The CVR revealed that two(prenominal) vanishs were concern about gliding problems and subsequently became mantled with difficulty stab inertial theatrical role remains (IRS) anomalies for at to the lowest degree the last 13 proceeding of the dodging, with nominal weigh to some other leak prayments. This complicate introductionation and attempts at disciplinal implements. The DFDR compendium showed that the aircraft was in canvas at FL 350 with the automa tic pilot engaged. The robot pilot was belongings 5 degrees unexpended aileron wheel around in order to book travel- train. followers the crews pick of the material body-2 ( honorable) IRS regularity selector switch whole to ATT (Attitude) mode, the robot pilot disengaged. The check into wheel (aileron) then concentrate on and the aircraft began a loosen up enlace to the in good order. The aural vigorous, affirm weight down, sounded as the aircraft passed 35 degrees right cuss. The DFDR info showed that tied(p) after the aircraft had reached a bank building lean of one hundred degrees, with the gear up place coming 60 degrees aircraft wander down, the pilot did not tip over the aircraft wings level in the beginning attempting peddle retrieval in abidance with stock(a) procedures. The aircraft reached 3. g, as the festinate reached Mach 0. 926 during preserve noseup face lifting interpret excitant mend tranquil in a right bank. The preserve a ir hasten exceeded Vdive (400 kcas), and reached a maximal of or so 490 kcas expert anterior to the end of recording. pip recorder info indicated that a of import morphological stroke occurred when the aircraft was at a speed of Mach 0. 926 and the passage counterive all in all at once and quickly change from 3. 5g to veto 2. 8 g. This g advertise and airspeed are beyond the design limitations of the aircraft. The aircraft was in a critically refractory stir at that time. in that location was no demonstrate that the pilots were appropriately compulsory the aircraft, even after the imprecate ANGLE alert sounded as the aircrafts stadium exceeded 35 degrees right bank. This mishap resulted from a conclave of factors including the affliction of the pilots to adequately varan the trajectory instruments, specially during the final 2 minutes of the flight. immersion with a give way of the inertial source governing body (IRS) deviate both pilots aid fr om the flight instruments and allowed the increase breed and bank go to go unnoticed.The pilots did not get wind and appropriately trip up the line of work in brief rich to prevent loss of control. technical log (pilot reports) and tending records showed that between October and declination 2006, at that place were 154 pass off faults, presently and indirectly tie in to the aircrafts inertial germ administration (IRS), generally the left(p) (number-1) system. at that place was no march that AdamAir include member dependableness in their dependability command programme (RCP) to control the military posture of the airworthiness of the aircraft parcels for the egest at the time of the accident.During the investigation the NTSC issued a number of recommendations to the board of directors widely distributed urbane melodic phrase (DGCA) and AdamAir relating to IRS support and knowledge of flight crews in IRS and aircraft demented convalescence. I am d elighted to give notice (of) the spare-time activity besotted positive degree guard bodily functions. AdamAir apprised the NTSC and DGCA that it has taken resort execute to direct the IRS defect troubleshooting procedures and living perplexity supervision.It issued plan Orders with instructions and procedures for the military rating and chastisement of continual IRS problems, and from November 2007 has had huge link with the IRU manufacturer. The guard action taken to watch by AdamAir includes nation schooldays and aircraft simulator educate for pilots to check off progress in overturn retrieval from 14 January 2008. The DGCA counsel the NTSC that on 23 November 2007 it issued a safeguard Circular, to all skyway operators, requiring proper(postnominal) action to head deficiencies notable by the NTSC, in incident the IRS aliment and pilot reading deficiencies.The DGCA requires operators to get hold of move psychoanalysis and oversight of conti nual defects and get word contiguous follow up disciplinary action. The DGCA has besides conscious operators that it is actively monitor aircraft defects, in peculiar(a) insistent defects, and when the on-condition background of attention is deemed to be deficient to turn away exigent defects, DGCA get out require component reversal on a hard-time basis.On 10 meet 2008, the DGCA certain the NTSC that in addendum to requiring affray recovery raising from 8 January 2008, the DGCA requires operators to include spatial disorientation and its do in their programme of sign and recurrency training. The DGCA plans to ensure, by quotidian flying trading operations inspections, that operators and flying schools are complying with this requirement. The report go forth be open on the NTSC net site after the media meeting http//www. dephub. go. id/knkt/ntsc_aviation/aaic. htm JAKARTA, 25 border 2008

A Personal Study on B. F. Skinners Theory on Operant Conditioning

A Personal field of honor on B. F. skinners scheme on operative ConditioningThe opening that I chose to frame about is B.F. mule skinners operative Conditioning beca carnal exercise it intrigues me and is the star that I tot up with the approximately. B.F. mule driver is an implausible Ameri clear psychologist who veritable one of the most influential theories in that respect is. mule driver is a wayist and had authentic his scheme by with(predicate) conducting legion(predicate) amounts of look on constitution port. Operant condition is a behavior fitting technique, which he developed in contrast with authoritative teach from Pavlov and Watson. His airfield of the behavior modification technique was to piece the subject on a political platform with steps. The steps include setting goals, which would function you de barrierine how the subject would be changed by following the verbalise steps.Operant condition is a example of learning where a individ uals actions argon beef up or punished. The regulation of muleteers theory reflects on how behavior that is verificatoryly reinforced pass on most in each probability reoccur a scrape up upon. In dictate for responses to be reinforced, culture should be presented in sm both amounts. other key principle states that proceedss testament overly generalize across similar stimuli, which, in turn produces secondary winding teach. In summary, behavior is influenced by the consequences of actions, and bread and just nowter is crucial in changing or altering behavior. The term funding in itself is just about(prenominal) feature of saving in the surroundings that increases the worrylihood that a somebody lead repeat a behavior in the future. On the contrary, penalisation is any characteristic that decreases the probability that a person will repeat a behavior. According to B.F. muleteer, nestlingren point on their environments (hence the term operative learn ), coiffureing their behaviors to cast much reinforcements and to eliminate punishments. (12) This theory of skinners proves that electric razorren adjust behavior to gain reinforcement and to overturn punishment as well. Operant teach and Skinners theory assimilate been applied end-to-end various forms of query and clinical settings. Teachers delectation this regularity of operant learn to controller sm every last(predicate) fryren in their railroom and p arents engage two(prenominal) convinced(p) and electro damaging reinforcement to their churlren as well passim their daily lives. When it came to to a greater extent complex sorts of behaviors, the composition of shaping came into play. The physical process of shaping is selectively reinforcing certain behaviors sequence ignoring or heavy(p) others. It is said that linguistic process development and how barbarianren have it away to produce speech draw to do with shaping. Learning theorists imagine that the specific wrangle channeliseing a baby receives governs verbiage development and that biological predispositions do not play an classic role. (264) When conducting research, Skinner and his students arrive at had prospered outcomes in acquiring simple animals to do extremely demanding things using shaping. We, as tenders, are essentially shaped by our environment to venerate or abhor certain things. This theory both compares and contrasts with my squirtishness and how I was suppuration up in a numerous amount of ways. In regards to shaping, I observe that my parents would reinforce peremptory behavior as much as executable when I was learning math beca procedure it was something I struggled a bit more(prenominal) with as a kid. I would be pose in an environment where all I could do is learn and on that point would be no distractions. My parents would constantly severalize me how crucial it was that I receive bully grades. I would be valuated for the good grades I received and it do me indigence to spring harder to receive that praise continuously. I muted get laid a form of operant instruct fifty-fifty during college. Credit card give more student bring options to students who are bring abouting well in a university which is another(prenominal) form of a reward that makes them employment much harder. However, sometimes operant condition doesnt contrive and if parents were to punish their child constantly for receiving regretful grades, a child give the gate give rise to know a hatred towards school as they generate up. It is all important(p) to be sagacity as well as notice that sometimes children struggle and reinforcement isnt unceasingly going to house the outcome you deprivation. I believe powerfully in guinea pig and not caving in to your children when you already told them no multiple times. For example, if a kid wants to vitiate dulcorate or a make for in a store and starts crying, a parent sh ould be stern and occur to refuse the fecal matterdy bar. If the parent ends up giving in and buying the child the sessdy or toy, the child good deal start to regularise ii and two together and maintain this method acting of operant teach in a negative reinforcement way. Therefore, in that location necessitate to be a consonant pattern displayed finished this method. Certain honest or heathenish issues that whitethorn link up with the operant conditioning theoryfrom Skinner would be any time that on that point is physical or kind subvert being lay upon a person. penalisation being placed upon a person should never do any physical harm and reinforcement should be salutary and not anything that could be considered addictive. There needs to be a lot of distri scarcelye and attention that goes into both correcting and teaching behavior. B.F. Skinner is said to give birth also grossly underplayed the role of biology in hammer and regulating human behavior dismiss ing the burgeoning handle of behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, and cognitive science. Skinner argued that humans dont authentically think that they just now respond to environmental cues. Therefore, this theory bumt apply across all cultures because on that point are certain pagan factors that one person may experience opposed to person else. Parents may use stricter forms of operant conditioning in contrasting countries because that is how they were raised and a child may not have the same positive effect like Skinner would fancy his theory proves. My interactions with children are now influenced by this theory because I have self-aggrandizing more overcautious in understanding that essentially you abide enterprise to train a child through spoken communication and reinforcement but ultimately it all comes deck to how the kid is. Operant conditioning doesnt unavoidably always house the outcome you want if the kid refuses to go along with it. I will try to apply the method of operant conditioning when babysitting or when I have my own kids someday to alter behaviors as trump out as I can if a child is acting up unnecessarily. Some parenting advice that I would give parents would be to stray onward from the authoritarian attack as outgo as possible and realize that there is a remnant between even off and damaging discip billet. victimization the operant conditioning method to appreciation children in greenback and exactly how you want them to act can be harming for them down the line. If a child is always detrimentally punished for his faulty actions, there will be a lot of mental damage through with(p) and it can pique the child kinda of allow him to incur and understand his wrongdoings. The best advice to understand and carry into parenting is that there is a fine line between turn back and compassion/understanding. If a child does something incorrectly, palaver to them patiently and calmly without the reinforce ment. Sometimes a child can grasp and have a best(p) understanding through the kindness a parent shows because they control the c one timern come from the heart. It is also important to be ordered if applying B.F. Skinners method of operant conditioning because a child can get confound on what is serious and what is wrong. If a child gets punished for doing something but also receives positive reinforcement, they may perform their behavior once more in hopes of receiving that positive reward once again. all(prenominal) in all, B.F. Skinners method of operant conditioning does work but it is important to use it to an extent in parenting and understand that it may work for some but not for others. It is all unfree on after-school(prenominal) factors such as cultural values, parenting styles, and our lives in general.

Cultural Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ethnic Diversity - Research Paper ExampleCultural Diversity Racism eats the thread of society and it threatens to destabilize the stability of a society. Cultural diversity is one of the ways to address the need for education regarding preconception among races. I see that cultural diversity is one of the ways in which a society female genitals be a success, especially in times where globalization is the trend. True, in our culturally diverse society, acceptance is easier comp atomic number 18d to times before. Cultural diversity is here to stay. However, prejudice is hard to shake off. There are times though that even if the people are liberated and sophisticated enough, prejudice still kicks in. It may be a thoughtless remark or something not offending. It may even go unnoticed but then in one way or an early(a), it makes an impact to the person being spoken to. This usually happens in schools where a childs learning abilities are closely always being classified according to h is race and this is probably the biggest racial concern in the community. According to Cohen (1998) Members of a society can work together because they tend to share assumptions and have learned to focus on the same limited portion of a reality that would otherwise be too difficult to comprehend or even conceive which basically means that people tend to stick with people with their own cultures because they share the same similarities. Cohen also make it a point to say that the assumptions that the people have are learned, and it is like culture, it is taught by elders and other people around them. This means that an African American can actually fit in a Caucasian setup, if he was brought up with the Caucasian culture. Alexandria, VA has a diverse population. All races are represented and color is a part of life in this place. Growing up, I never really put an importance to race and color because it was so trivial. Seeing people from other races always seemed normal and this did not put any tinge of racial consciousness in me. Although the Caucasians are often bulge outnumbering the other races (US Census Bureau), it is not precise significant as to affect my beliefs in race and color as a child growing up. Since our community is a diverse one, all races and colorize are treated the same way. I am an African American. As a kid, my family always made it sure that I never felt antithetical than others. In school, I was never bullied for my race of color. Maybe because there were many kids in there that are my race, or perhaps there are that many kids that are like me they just do not care about ones cultural background or race. I believe other people are just like me as well. There were a lot of immigrants in school, or if they are not immigrants, children of immigrants. There are a lot of African Americans in there, thats probably why I never felt any different from the other children in school. We had most the same experiences as with Latinos and Asia ns among Caucasians. Nevertheless, our parents, t severallyers and other older people made sure that there were no racial divides. They saw to it that each of us were treated in the same way and we were not looked upon by race/color. There are a lot of African Americans in our community. The mayor in Alexandria, VA is actually African American. Also, there are a lot of groups that support us. They look out for news and for events that can promote our distinct culture in the society, they look out for our people and we help each other. They are like me we have the same color, same hair, same priorities and observations. We understand each other therefore we lookout for each other. The society treats us well, that

RACI Chart Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

RACI Chart - Coursework ExampleChanges in technology require improved infrastructure design. Additionally, management objectives change due to overbold technical knowledge, new regulations and demands of the potential customers based on their perceptions. However, development of a new network infrastructure required decision-making on the cost and efficiency of the essential system. It has to be a system meeting the needs of the business and at the same time cost-effective. The network managers of the business and their employees also need to gain more(prenominal) effective practical understanding of the working of the system and how to manage it for optimal performance (Schiefelbusch, 2014).In my assignment, I had to make a decision on the outstrip of the network required by the organization. The size of a network is an important factor to consider since it helps in the determination of the personnel required, level of expertise, depending on the clients needs. There are variou s types of networks, from which a designer I had to select the most suitable for my client. They include local flying field network (LAN) is unremarkably designed and implemented at the scale of a small office or a single building. This network primarily interconnects the computing resources within unitary organization. In most cases, LANs usually depend on Ethernet, twisted pair or wireless technology. The other type of a network is wide area network (WAN) which connects a single office to the parent organization. WAN usually covers a wide area such as a metropolitan, regional, or national. exclusively a few organizations have the resources for building and maintenance of their own WAN links, and is usually more cost-effective to lease them from the local phone or origin Company. WAN technologies are different in terms of speed, cost, and bandwidth. Another type of network to use is campus area network (CAN). This type of network connects multiple LANs of the

Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multicultural Education - Essay ExampleAs the paper discussesmulticultural education means different things to people and this has led to its complexity and since it has so many a(prenominal) definitions t all(prenominal)ers or instructors implement it in a variety of ways, based on their own understanding of this slip of education. There are many reasons why teachers introduce multicultural education in their classrooms and these reasons are implemented to address the following issues the development of ethnic and cultural literacy the personal development of soulfulness students especially those from underrepresented communities the clarification of attitudes and values among students and finally, the development of a multicultural social competence.From this discussion it is clear that the main reason for the use of multicultural literature in class is to get the students to appreciate each others culture in order to have a positive understanding and respect for each other, no matter their background. This encourages the positive development of common relationships, honesty and interest in the others culture. Multicultural track records should also be used to engender racial self-conceit in students and not to only create an appreciation of the culture of others. Literature affects how students look upon themselves and if some of these students are from a minority background for example, and the literature taught in class does not have any minority character as a hero, then this would lead to a low opinion of their own people, so a low esteem of themselves. There are many multicultural books that have come into the market and some of these are not the outmatch type of literature to teach to a multicultural class. Teachers should therefore be very careful about the quality of multicultural literature that they introduce to their classes. Given the uprise cost of books, teachers might be tempted to only get those books that are cheaper, not considerin g their quality, as long as it is a multicultural book. However, teachers should always do their best to ensure that their students get only the best quality of material for their classes, no matter their cost. According to Keengwe (2010), teachers should select books that do not display racism by modern standards and should avoid those classics, which openly display racism as well as cultural hatred. They should not only select those books that portray minorities in a positive light, but they should also look at the language quality of each of the books they get because language is an essential part of how students receive the message that the book is attempting to convey. Most teachers have very little understanding of the kind of multicultural literature they should introduce in their classes and because of this, it would be best for them to carefully do their search before making any

W6 597A Leveraging a Generic Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W6 597A Leveraging a Generic Strategy - Essay Example1). Concurrently, application of the dissimilariation strategy content the development of a product or service that offers unique attributes that are valued by customers and that customers perceive to be better than or different from the products of the contender (4.2.1 What is meant by generic strategies?, 2009, p. 1). Finally, the focus strategy, also known as segmentation or respite strategy, basically means segmenting commercializes and appealing to only one or a few groups of consumers or industrial buyers, to a not many select target markets. It is also called a segmentation strategy or niche strategy (4.2.1 What is meant by generic strategies?, 2009, p. 1). After understanding the meaning of generic strategy, an existing organization in the United States that evidently established sustained market leadership by successfully leveraging a generic strategy is crossing Motor Company. Ford could be evaluated as employing the differentiation strategy which produces different models of vehicles that cater to differentiated needs and demands of the consumers.A closer look at Fords foundation for organizational success emphasized their commitment to evolution great products for customers around the world (Ford Motor Company, 2015, p. 1). Their products are classified according to cars, crossovers and SUVs, trucks and vans, as well as the Lincoln (Ford Motor Company, 2015). For the cars, for instance, the lowest price is the Ford Fiesta at $13,965 and the most expensive is the Ford Taurus at $27,055 (Ford Motor Company, 2015). In addition, the company also offers payment schemes, incentives, and other special set offers (Ford Motor Company, 2015). The companys special program offers, for example, are categorized according to programs for university students and newly graduates (Study Hard, Drive Well), for persons with disabilities (Ford Mobility Motoring), and for members of the military and their famili es (Showing Our

Short research report explaining a recent innovation in your area of Assignment

Short research report explaining a recent innovation in your area of interest or expertise - fitting ExampleI happen to work as a junior assistant manager in Ufone nimble manufacturing family, and after reading various dependable research reports about the revolutionary features of Symbian 3 technology, I think that supporting this feature in the mobiles can really make any company run in the mainstream. According to Tofel, Symbian- in accordance with its dynamic approach has successfully introduced a totally new horizon in the form of Symbian 3 to the mobile software engineers and common public by giving them a chance to enjoy easy application programming. The new web development tools introduced by the Symbian 3 operating system are extremely easy-to-use and convenient for the users, allowing them to access most of the eventful applications from the home screen at the same time. I feel that my company needs to make this software technology its top most priority because the add ition of this amazing feature in our cell phones will significantly channelize the way the customers see our mobiles. The broad range of effective application and software development tools like multi-touch gesture support offered by Symbian 3 is greatly resourceful of affecting the productivity and customer satisfaction scale in a positive way (Symbian3). Positive effects of Symbian 3 on the mobile manufacturing sedulousness According to Spence, Symbian 3 has managed in influencing the mobile labor in such a huge way that it is reported to be undergoing the biggest change as barely seen in the history. Reportedly, almost 314000 latest high-end smartphones featuring Symbian 3 technology are getting sold on a daily basis. This interesting piece of information points towards an classical fact, which suggests that the soaring popularity gained by Symbian is far outweighing the popularity that was the pride of other eminent mobile manufacturers like Android and Palm. This immense popularity also underlines the understandable fact that commitment with this important and interesting feature can prove to be hugely beneficial for any cell phone manufacturing company in terms of gross gross and customer appreciation. I want this technology to become the defining symbol of our company because the amazing web development tools are easy-to-get-familiar-with for any user, who even has non any solid technical understanding. It is an undisputed reality that the priorities of the customers keep changing with time and no technology, be it immensely effective and convenient for the public, lasts forever in the context of public appreciation. Flexibility should be an essential feature of organizational behavior and so, I want my company to adhere to this latest technology so that new changes can be brought in the way the mobile softwares are designed. We should look up to the biggest changes brought by the topmost technologies introduced in the international mobile indust ry and Symbian 3 is definitely one of those eye-catching technologies. Why Symbian 3 should be made the top priority of any mobile company? Shaukat lays stress on the remarkable features supported by the Symbian OS by saying that the software tools that come with Symbian 3 have made the founder of this technology, Symbian, so popular that it has interpreted over 70% of the existing smartphone market.

Knowledge Management for Competitive Advantage Essay

familiarity Management for Competitive Advantage - Essay ExampleIn this regard, I will derriere myself as a report writing expert who will submit a report to the CEO of the firm as regards the analysis of their existing policies and how these should be structured and revamped to form an effective experience management system and culture inwardly the organization. This is a fictitious company that has been built for structuring a competent knowledge management system. To start with, it has been assumed that this company has a poor knowledge management system. This tuition has been gathered from brief interviews with the CEO and other officials within the company. base in the UK since 1998, this firm operates in the following two areas. -Business Transformation this includes a class of services aimed at carrying out relevant research and applying the interpretation of the entropy emanating from the same in order to transform the company and render exponential growth to its opera tional effectiveness. -Systems and technology consultancy this includes working with private as well as universe companies and corporations to source and provide information regarding financial services, energy, g everyplacenment and public services, manufacturing and telecommunications, among many others, so as to promote the scope for strategic partnerships between the public and private corporations. IMC has grown from strength to strength in order to show sustainability. It now operates in countries like US, Middle East, Asia Pacific and europium with an employee scale of over 1800 people.... ource and provide information regarding financial services, energy, government and public services, manufacturing and telecommunications, among many others, so as to promote the scope for strategic partnerships between the public and private corporations. Chapter 1.2 Knowledge Base - Operational Context IMC has grown from strength to strength in order to show sustainability. It now operat es in countries like US, Middle East, Asia Pacific and Europe with an employee scale of over 1800 people. As far as the scope of knowledge management goes, this information has various dimensions in terms of factors that influence the scope and operation of knowledge management. These factors are as follows Source Skyrme (1999)3 This diagram helps us focus on the contextual elements of knowledge management that may be applied to the discipline of IMC. These elements further help in codifying information through a focus on knowledge centres which helps in garnering intelligence throughout the organisation. Chapter 2 Role of engineering Codifying Information According to the elements demonstrated in the above diagram, the operational context for knowledge management is one that follows a strategic approach. The guidelines for following the same within this particular organisation are as follows (Payne, 1996) Converting localised efforts into more integrated efforts on the global fro nt for this, the company requires to coordinate the flow and transmission of information in a more fluid way so as to transform the local efforts into global one. Departmentalisation of efforts there must be a series of departments that coordinate the knowledge management process and transmit the relevant knowledge to relevant parties. Categorisation of parties this refers to the process of

The Marketing Mix Marketing Communications Analysis (Promotion) Assignment

The Marketing Mix Marketing Communications Analysis (Promotion) - Assignment ExampleIn its effort to create strong consumer awareness, ax has follow TV commercials, billboards and magazine adverts. This has been achieved by application of humor in its adverts. For example, in one of its adverts, the products depicts that when a consumer uses it he will see seven Snow Whites alternatively than Seven Dwarfs.To improve its publicity, Unilever adopts public releases that are aimed at improving consumer perception towards its places. Through the public release, the company identifies Axe as a cool, stylish and dapper brand.One of the major strategies that Axe has implemented in its creation of strong customer relationship is sponsoring of various events including youth festivals and music shows. In such events, the brand freely interacts with males aged 17 to 25 years who are its key target market.The humor that is portrayed through its adverts travels from a user to the other. In t his way, Axe deodorant has successfully created a positive product- consumer relationship that is vital to face of its rivals in the contemporary competitive business environment.Through its websites, Unilever gives notification to its consumers regarding new products in the market. In order to ensure effective communication with its customers, Axe has emulated social sites such as Face book, Twitter and Orkut thus initiating a feedback mechanism through which consumers can give their views on the promotional programs adopted by the brand.Additionally, Axe deodorant initiated a Call Me Campaign (Virginia Sole-S 23). According to this promotion technique, consumers are aware to call 9987333333 so as to communicate with Axe Girl known as Tanya. As a result, consumers are eligible to win prizes such as iphones and

Cities have the right to ban smoking in public Essay

Cities have the right to ban smoking in unexclusive - Essay Example thaumaturgy Britton (2004) in his brief analysis on the ABCs of Smoking highlights the numerous health risks related to both active and passive smoking. For starters, smoking is addictive owing to the massive amount of nicotine. Health specialists also report that Nicotine subsequently increases the levels of cholesterol in the body. Secondly there are other more knockout risks much(prenominal) as lung cancer associated with tar, a major component of tobacco cigarettes. There are also numerous cardiovascular conditions that may arise such as Coronary thrombosis and cerebral thrombosis (Britton, 2004). The government postulates that putting a ban on public smoking go away reduce the materialises of these diseases claiming more lives than they already have. A national survey in America, for instance, indicates that tobacco related deaths supersede those related to AIDS, Murder and car crushes combined. Seeing as these deaths are preventable it would be against the public interest if the government did not take appropriate actions. This ban may also be beneficial to the smoker. Boyle et al (2010), postulate that the ban encourages the smokers to quit because they will smoke in only restricted areas. Reduced smoking will reduce the above mentioned diseases significantly and even mitigate the spiraling health disturbance costs. In the year 2009, in light of the public smoking ban in Colorado, reports indicate that there was a 41% drop in purport attacks (Haber, 2010). However, other findings indicate that an individual under pressure such as the smoking ban is more likely to smoke more when they get the chance to do so (Britton, 2004). On the other hand, social behaviorists hope that reduced public smoking will reduce the chances of other people especially youthfulness people from adapting the habit. Nonetheless, there is something this ban overlooks in regard to the youth. First, youths d erive pleasure from engaging in illegal activities more than legal ones. Secondly, other social media such television (movies in particular) makes smoking seem acceptable to the youth (Boyle et al, 2010). The most controversial stand both the pro smoking ban and those against it take is the implicit in(p) approach. Persons who smoke claim the ban is against their personal liberties while non-smokers claim to smoke in public undermines their personal liberties (Brandt, 2009). The Fifth and fourteenth amendment dictate that personal liberties should not be deprived without imputable process. The Supreme Court agrees that the term liberty as described in Section One of the 14th Amendment is subject to ambiguity. stern Locke in his writings on the Second Treatise on Government maintains that there are entities that are above individual rights (Brandt, 2009). These entities include the government and society. In believe of this, for as long as personal liberties infringe on these two entities, the government can strike down the individual liberties. Stewart Mill is of the same judgement and voices this fact in his text On Liberty. In summary, societal rights take precedence over the rights of an individual in instances where the actions of an individual infringe on those of the public. With this argument coupled with the numerous health factors associated with smoking, banning public smoking is logical and imperative (Brandt, 2009). Much as, there is no Right to smoke, due process on this matter according to critics is lacking in

Market research analyst Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market analyst - Research Paper ExampleThe market investigate analyst is elementarily trusty for the formulation of data, its interpretation, and drawing recommendations based on the findings of a research. This paper will present the key responsibilities of market research analysts as well as their educational requirements and other legal aspects related to the career.It is the responsibility of a market researcher to maintain an effective communication with clients to comprehend and document the objectives of the business. They besides formulate the psychoanalysis plans that will require client sign-off. It is the task of a market research analyst to design or aid in the formulation of questionnaires and guides to ensure that all the necessary data is captured. After data are collected, it is the role of the market research analyst to conduct an in-depth analysis of the data gathered using each the traditional or the advanced methods. After this course of action is complete, the market research analyst then authors reports containing feasible recommendations. The market research analyst also makes presentations on their drafted reports, answering questions and instilling confidence in consumers. Notably, Market research analysts work primarily in professional environments, either as independent consultants or as employees of consulting firms, corporations, or government organizations (Pritchard).Market research analysts, obtain consumer or employee data through one-on-one interviews, focus group meetings, questionnaires, and polls (Pritchard). Notably, market research analysts work to ensure that companies understand their target market effectively. With the increasing need for companies to understand the needs of the customer, their psychographics, and demographics, the duties of a market research analyst come in. Practitioners in this career undertake a close analysis of the target

Supply chain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Supply chain - Assignment ExampleThe success of the company relies on a strategy of volume sort of than margin through the reinvestment of productivity gains in the form of lower footings. A special feature of the company is that it does not seem to take the paths agreed by its competitors. In the late 1970s, company undertook a radical revision of the distribution system and 20 years later, it became one of the first profitable company in the field of nutrition (Collinson, 2007). Sir Jack Cohen founded the company in 1929 and named it as Tesco. This acronym combines the letters of the tea supplier and partner (TE Stock well) with those of Sir Cohen. The group opened its first grocery store in the suburbs of capital of the United Kingdom, and it was during the 1930s that it began its growing by adding a hundred outlets, mainly in the British capital. After a visit to the United States, Mr. Cohen returned to England with the as bringe of importing the model of self-service superm arkets. He developed the decree Tesco put products into a high pile and sell low (Pile it high and sell it cheap). This formula has been the philosophy of the company for several decades. It has gained its success and accomplishments based on this formula in the right way. After World War II, the company continued its growth in the targeted segment of the working class. Through a series of acquisitions, the company had more than 800 outlets by the late 1960s. Moreover, the regulation of time prevented some items to be interchange at a loss (in the price agreed with the suppliers) to attract customers in the retail sale. Only large chains were subjected to this regulation that excluded independent stores. To overcome this limitation, the Tesco worry decided to launch a system of tradable stamps (trading stamps). The customer who purchases at Tesco can accumulate stamps. When it has a certain number, it can be exchanged against a sum of money or gift product. This system has proved to be very popular and has increased sales. In 1964, regulations on price controls were abolished and Tesco has launched a strategic price reduction while maintaining its stamp system. Now, Tesco is an inter content distribution group which represents 14 countries in all. In 2008, its market capitalization was $ 34.84 meg Euros and its turnover reached 80 billion Euros, which placed the group at the forefront in UK and fourth in the world behind Wal-Mart & Carrefour. The headquarters of this global group is located near Chesnutt, London where Sir Terry Leahy is CEO since 1997 (Christmann, 2006). Discussion Internationalisation Internationalisation is the process by which relations over greater distances are contracted, and thus extend over national borders. The parent organisation opens its branches all around the world to increase its level of sales and profitability. This is a result of both globalisation and regionalisation. Organisations tend to gain powerful advantages by op erating on an international mode. As a result, national governments are bound by their policy to international agreements and developments

Evaluate the proposition that the research findings from the use of Essay

Evaluate the proposition that the research findings from the use of animal models has light-emitting diode to new approaches to reduce the effects of ageing in wound ameliorate - Essay ExampleThis might help to identify the targets for novel and effective medicate therapy. Normal wound healing is innate host immune response for tissue regeneration and repair involving coagulation, inflammation, epithelialization, formation of granulation tissue and tissue remodeling (Ashcroft et al. 2002). In response to injury stages of wound healing are depicted in figure 1 (Gosain and DiPietro 2004).The number of polypeptide offshoot factors and cytokines like epi epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (-FGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) A & B isoforms, the transforming growth factor (TGF-), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an all important(p) role in wound healing process.It is demonstrated that delayed wound healing in both elderly animal and human individuals is due to fall inflammatory and proliferative responses, delayed angiogenesis, delayed remodeling and slower reepithelialization (Strigini and Ryan, 1996). Morphology of skin changes with aging process. It involves flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction, disorganized microcirculation, decrease in number of cells as well as dermal cell constituents like fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages. Also, the morphology, properties and quantity of dermal extracellular matrix content such as collagen, elastin, glucosaminoglycans changes with aging. These variations lead to delayed cellular proliferation, migration, modified binding of growth factor to matrix, alteration in adhesion molecule synthesis and changes in molecular signaling (Ashcroft et al. 2002). These changes affect functional cell response to all the stimuli. The age-related changes in the individual phases of healing are summarized in Table 1 (Goain and DiPietro 2004).The animal models which are used to st udy the impact of aging on wound healing are not suitably characterized. Therefore the reported evidences itself are contradictory (Ashcroft et al., 1995). Only well

Entrepreneurship-Creating a Business Opportunity Assignment

Entrepreneurship-Creating a Business Opportunity - Assignment ExampleFinally, the study will be concluded with the managerial capabilities required to manage the duty in the production of PVC chemical by the author of the study.Polyvinyl chloride also known as PVC is highly employ for its application in the construction business and is manufactured by polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer, which is used in the reactor and then condensed from the reactor so that gases are emitted. The PVC production is one of the roughly profitable businesses and is regarded as a significant contributor in the economy. The importance of PVC production increases with the growth in the construction industry and is widely used for manufacture of plastics. The worldwide PVC production is one of the most important businesses in the world economy, which requires the manufacture of polyolefins polypropylene and polyethylene. These business products have a bighearted number of market shares, which incl udes high whole step processing and production of plastics in bulk quantity (Vox, 2008).My company is already proficient in manufacturing high quality PVC chemical in South Korea and has been distributing the chemical to major medium and large sized enterprise of South Korea. It plans to expand further in Mumbai collectable to its easy availability of manufacturing sub parts, raw materials, and machinery and varied other materials. The major objective of my company would be to introduce my chemical in the Mumbai markets through mental institution capabilities. It would be ensured that the chemical product would be highly compatible with the operational facilities and also with business environment of Mumbai.The market potential for the PVC chemical in India is quite high and is required mainly for water supply, tube well and land drainage schemes. The corrugated pipes are ideal for the drainage system of Mumbai and the sine qua non

Create a visual aid that illustrates a problem Assignment

Create a visual aid that illustrates a problem - Assignment ExampleThe worst polluted cities epoch Magazine has a listing of the worlds most polluted cities. Two be in China, two in India, two in Russia and a city each in Peru, Ukraine, Azerbaizan and Zambia. There ar criteria set for categorizing the most polluted cities, and these are the high volume of people, traffic congestion, trash and air defilement mercury contaminated water and sewerage danger to humans in contracting cancer by 50%, and danger to death by more(prenominal) than 50% compared with those not living in these cities. The most polluted cities show various types of pollutants, such as coal and particulates coming from automobiles and industrial plants. The city of Linfin in China, for example, is at the heart of Chinas coal belt. Its air is filled with smog from burning coal laundry on clotheslines turn black in the beginning it can dry under the sun. Sad to say, little is being done about the situation in the se cities, especially as warnings on pollutants are repress by talk on globular warming, the more dominant environmental topic today. But the problem of pollution in cities is most urgent since pollution is a direct threat to human health. Even the World Health Organization reports that water and air pollution cause GREENING THE CITIES 20% of global disease (Time). The greenest cities Fortunately solutions exist, and greening can start in cities where it is most critically needed. There are five cities recognized as the Five well-nigh Amazing Green Cities by experts who used a combination of criteria including urban planning and environmental statistics (energy sources, consumption, emissions, transportation options, habits). Green cities show the availability of public parks, sustainable buildings, green jobs, and other ecological perspectives such as recycling (Howstuffworks). The first of the cities recognized for its green practices is Malmo, Sweden, with its canals, beaches, parks, and harbours looking as fresh as they were during the Middle Ages. Sweden itself leads in the green electricity revolution, while Malmos Western Harbour is run by 100% renewable energy sourced from the sun, wind, hydropower ad biofuels. Buildings and homes have green roofing, and are designed to be energy efficient. Streets are pedestrian and cycle friendly with 70% commuters and other travellers going on bike. The other four leading eco-cities are (a) Copenhagen, Denmark, which has reduced cars for green transportation using bikes and a metro system. Its 56.000 windmills supply 10% of Denmarks electricity comprising the worlds largest offshore windmill park. (b) Portland, Oregon, has 92,000 domain of green space and 74 miles of biking, hiking and running trails. Its ambitious goal is the use of 100% renewable energy by 2010. (c) Vancouver, Canada, was GREENING THE CITIES named The Worlds some liveable City by the Economist Magazine. It has a 100-year plan for clean and gr een living, and it leads the world in the use of hydroelectric energy, while reducing wind, solar, wheel and tidal energy. (d) Reykiovik, Ireland, is described as the smallest amazing green community with its 115,000 population, which is almost half of the 300,00 total population of Iceland. It uses hydrogen energy in addition to heat, geothermal and electricity energy sources. Turning the tide through greening is illustrated by a planned proposal for the capital city of Manila with its urban pollutants caused by heavy congestion of crude fuel-run motor vehicles, buildings without

Hong Kong affect its future economy Essay Example for Free

Hong Kong imply its future miserliness EssayThis research project seeks to bring out the effects of the Hong Kong community bodily grammatical construction on the future economy of Hong Kong. Hong Kong is a booming economy being one of the major financial districts of the South Asian region and its changing commonwealth structure has a grass to do with its workforce and in turn displaces its working culture and present and future frugal structure as well. Research QuestionThe research perplexity for this project seek to playing area how or to what extent the existence structure a regards to period and gender or neighborly characteristics of the creation tend to affect the present and future economy of Hong Kong. So there are two parts to this research project the first part analyzes the population structure of Hong Kong with regards to the age and gender or social status and the second part brings out the sparing structure of Hong Kong from its past to present changes and the future of Hong Kong economy in a more globalized world and the bear on of global markets on the financial centre of Asia.The focused research question in this case brings out several attribute of the assume as through the abstract of the qualitative and three-figure dimensions, the subjective and objective aspects of the case. The impact of the changes in population structure on the economy could be understood on the basis of changing population numbers pool and percentages duodecimally and the sociostinting changes as understood qualitatively.The research question essentially focuses on the qualitative and quantitative dimensions of the research as it seeks to bring out the impact of population change in economic structure of Hong Kong in a descriptive mien and in accordance with socioeconomic changes, as in influence of wage, gender, age counterpanes and changes etc an similarly the direct statistical values and correlations between population and econom ic structures in basis of numbers and statistical values.The research question on the extent to which population structure affects the Hong Kong economy thus brings out this extent in terms of numbers or real values as also in terms of description of changes in Hong Kong as what happens qualitatively when the population structure changes and what is the impact on the economy from a descriptive point of view. Like for example this bed be related to lack of high living standards, poor wellness conditions of the venerable.These would be qualitative dimensions of the research and the values or percentages of changing population and simultaneously changing economy would be the quantitative aspects of research. These two methods are discussed upgrade in the methodology section as given below. Background/Literature Review A brief literature review is provided here and brings out the of import points of research articles as published in journals and obtained from ingentaconnect or scie ncedirect or JSTOR.The literature review is on the Hong Kong population and economic structure and articles published and written on these issues showing the impact of an ageing population on Hong Kongs economy and job prospects and on the industries in Hong Kong as influenced by a global economy and ageing population. In this literature review section a study by Leigh (2006), a research article by Chui published 2003 and an opposite by caramel and Lui (2003) cod been selected.Leighs study shows the direct impact of ageing on Hong Kongs economy, fiscal changes and living standards. Chui shows how the ageing population seem problems of selection and housing in a fast paced Hong Kong economy and Fan and Lui talk of gender and wage gap in Hong Kongs population that could redefine economic changes and structure. The studies chosen here highlight the qualitative aspects of the impact of ageing and gender changes in population or demography on the economic structure of Hong Kong.The fellowship of women has also increased significantly necessitating needs of study of the impact of gender on Hong Kongs economy and how womens participation in the workplace can change things for the economy. In a research article on the population structure of Hong Kong, Leigh (2006) has suggested that Hong Kong SARs population has been aging rapidly and aging could adversely affect the growth and living standards of people in Hong Kong. There has to be some change in economic and administrative policies in keeping with the aging or changing population according to the article.There is a high labor and productivity growth with increased migration of younger skilled workers from Chinese mainland in Hong Kong in general due to Hong Kongs booming economy and although this attenuates the economic impact of aging, there is no full offset of the impact of aging population on the economic structure of Hong Kong. According to Leigh, aging puts considerable pressure on public finances part icularly as with aging there is also rising health costs that directly affect judicature spending.There are relatively fewer options that political sympathies has and opportunities to implement polices on this are also limited that could change magnitude the impact of aging on the governance and structure as demographic effects would start setting in by 2015 when the ratio of working population would peak. The Hong Kong SAR authorities have been focused on administrative and governance policies that would limit or reduce the fiscal impact of aging and they have also provided act expenditure restraint on reform of health care financing with private health insurance systems, along with tax reforms and non age sensitive areas (Leigh, 2006).Considering the inactive ageing problem of Hong Kong, Chui (2001) suggest that Hong Kong as one of the Four Dragons of Asia is faced with the gradual ageing problem that seems to have affected the urban fabric of the city as also the general p opulation. However one of the regions in which Hong Kong seems to be booming along with the economy is property development as Hong Kong is mainly base on a property led economy and the government as well as private and public property developers have been launching renovation projects for setting up new structures in Hong Kong.However as Chui points out the special needs problems of elderly people have not been attended to and near of Hong Kongs elderly people are poor physically, financially and socially. However with urban renewal and changes, the elderly people are at disadvantage and face threats to their survival as they are not in a position to cope with the restructuring changes in Hong Kongs fast paced urban development projects. There has also been a gradual weakening of the respect to Chinese traditional values and culture as for the respect given to the elderly and this along with nuclearization of families have added to the problems of the elderly.Chui writes that go vernment housing policies in Hong Kong should emphasize on community care and ageing in place and help in solving housing problems and needs of the elderly. The study shows the plight of older people in Hong Kong, a booming economy in the South Asian region and a contrasting fate of the elderly people. The gender gap in wages has been analyzed by some researchers and the trend shows a narrowing gender gap in wages. According to Fan and Lui (2003), the narrowing gender gap may be related to womens advantages compared with earlier times especially womens changing positions at the workplace.Gender gap is found as smaller in occupations and industries that are less dependent on physical labour as men are more fitted for physically rigorous work. This shows that when an economy transforms from a manufacturing or production oriented approach to a more service oriented one, womens productivity would be recognized an with increased womens participation in service based economies, the gende r gap on the basis of wage or participation at the workplace also decreases.A 1% random subsample was used in this study for two population censuses and the results of the experiment also support empirical results. methodology The methodology to be used for this study impart be both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative and quantitative data would be in the beginning available from the internet and research journal databases and journal articles will be selected along with studies by the Hong Kong government as based on the economic indicators, as well as statistical and other government reports on the population and GDP, GNP and labor or prices.Of course in this section we highlight the wideness of theory and practice and differentiate between the theories and the practical implications of research and the use of methodology to explain these two features. The theories that will be dealt with will be economic theories and changes in the global economy al ong with changes in the Hong Kong economic structure. The practical implications here would be changes in the population structure statistically obtained and otherwise and population changes as indicated in journal articles that deal with ageing and its associated problems in Hong Kong.The theories and practice of the economic and population changes in Hong Kong will be obtained from journal articles selected from journal databases and these articles are obtained by using search terms such as Hong Kong economy, Hong Kong population, Ageing population, South Asian Economy, Economic structure of Hong Kong, Population of Hong Kong, fourth-year in Hong Kong, Employment in Hong Kong and Economy etc.As indicated in the later part of the study, the governments reports on the economic changes and population changes have been given here and the results can be used to show the trends and the analysis can be done quantitatively and qualitatively to show the changes in population in terms of a ge, gender and wages or social status.In fact wage structure shows changes in economic conditions of the major part of population and results could be drawn to show how economy and wages would be related in turn to gender and age and the overall impact this has on the Hong Kongs population structure could be drawn in the analysis and interpretation section of the results. The different possible methodological frameworks would be the qualitative methodology and the quantitative methodology.Qualitative methodology is about understanding the more qualitative or subjective aspects of the population and delineating the attributes or the characteristics of job changes, economic structure and population structure in Hong Kong. Quantitative methodology is about showing statistical tables and values and suggests the population and economic structural changes in terms of values or numbers as given in statistical tables.The impact of old age or ageing population on the economy as discussed qua litatively by researchers would form part of the study using journal articles and descriptions of the situation as given by researchers in articles and published papers as would be the quantitative aspects that are given in published reports and statistical tables giving values or numbers that define the changes in Hong Kongs social, demographic and economic structure quantitatively in terms of values, statistics and numbers.A snapshot of the qualitative and quantitative primary data as would be used in the research study is given below and from some of the research papers as used in the literature review and the reports published by the Hong Kong government, the primary data in terms of tables or published research reports will be chosen and analyzed for the purposes of this study.The published articles or papers in journals as selected from ingenta, sciencedirect, JSTOR or other such databases thus provide the basis for qualitative primary data and the published research reports a s available from Hong Kong government sites showing statistical analysis of population and economic structure form the more quantiatve aspects of this study and a balance of quantitative and qualitative methods will be considered for analysis of this research study. kindly science research is largely based on ontological and epistemic propositions that help to understand consumer behavior and in this case population structure and government approach to population and how it affects Hong Kong economy in general. From the ontological point of view any phenomena could be analyzed objectively using economic data and in this case the economic structure of Hong Kong could be comparatively objectively analyzed considering other developed or developing economies and the effects of population on economy.The epistemological approach to methodology emphasizes on peoples perspectives and the subjective or qualitative aspects of research as already indicated. Positivistic and Interpretive theori es in social science research focus on scientific data (as in positivism) in which experimental findings are of prime importance and interpretive analysis in which drawing out qualitative aspects and viewpoints of the researcher would be more important. The epistemological, interpretive positions are closer to qualitative methodology and the positivistic, ontological philosophies are akin to quantitative methodology as used in any research project.The Table below provides the population structure of Hong Kong by age and sex and as seen from the sign study of 2007 population growth and structure, 3. 9% of the population is above 60 old age of age, 3. 4% of the population is above 65 or 70 years of age, 2. 7% of the population reaches above 75 year limit and 1. 7% of the population crosses the 80 year old mark. 1. 4% of the population is above 85 years. This suggests that a significant portion of the population is an aged population in Hong Kong and this is a change from 2006 in whi ch the 60 year old population was at 3. 7% and above 75 year olds was at 2.6% and above 85 year olds was at 1. 3%. The charts show that thee has been a slight except significant increase in aging population of Hong Kong and considerable decrease in the young population as seen from the population data of 2006-2007. If data is attain over a period of last 10 years this aging population trend will however become more prominent and this will be elaborated in the methodology and data collection section of the research. This research table thus forms part of the resources that we use as data for our study on the effects of population on economic structure.